Title Image (above): Cabin interior, camp for unemployed girls, Douglas County, August 16, 1935. Courtesy of The Schlesinger History of Women in America Collection, Artstor.
Overview
The month gave me a new outlook on life. It seemed like someone did have an interest in whether we lived or starved and was trying to help. I know I had reached my 'rope's end' trying to keep three children and an old mother.
Between 1933 and 1937, the New Deal supported a nationwide program of resident camps for unemployed women affected by the Great Depression. A counterpart to the male-centric Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) , the “She-She-She” program, as it was derisively referred to in news accounts, aimed to meet women's immediate, basic needs, while offering educational and social opportunities for long-term welfare. The program was championed by First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt and several other female leaders in government.
"New Jersey Women's Camp, Interstate Park. Hikers Off for Supper in the Woods" (original caption), August 23, 1934. Courtesy of Franklin D. Roosevelt Library & Museum.
The first of these camps launched as an experiment in 1933. It was known as Camp Tera (Temporary Emergency Relief Assistance) and was located in what is now Bear Mountain State Park in New York. Following its success, the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) approved a proposal for a nationwide program of camps, which would be federally-funded and state-operated. In mid-1935, when the camps transferred from the Women’s Division of FERA to the National Youth Administration (NYA) , the NYA integrated financial aid and work projects into the program. By the project's end in 1937, at least 90 centers nationwide had enrolled approximately 8,000 women. Most camps were segregated, as the majority of camps served a white populace from rural communities and small towns. An estimated 12 camps were dedicated to unemployed Black women.
Research and mapping by PennPraxis, 2020.
The New Deal & Women
The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)
When he took office as President in March 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt enacted the New Deal, a series of sweeping changes implemented in his "first 100 days” as president that aimed to address the devastating consequences of the Great Depression. Through relief, reform, and recovery efforts, the New Deal sought to create jobs, offer aid, and stabilize the economy and agriculture systems. The Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) was one of the first New Deal relief programs. Roosevelt signed the CCC bill on April 1, 1933, providing thousands of unemployed young men with jobs related to conservation of the natural environment and historic sites.
Campaigning for Women's Relief
In late April 1933, on the heels of the CCC's initiation, Eleanor Roosevelt discussed the possibility of camps for women as a relief measure with Frances Perkins , Secretary of Labor. By June 1, 1933, the two held a press conference on the matter and announced plans for an experimental stage of implementing women's camps. With the proposal approved by FERA's director, Harry Hopkins, and funding secured from New York's allotted relief money, Eleanor Roosevelt and Perkins launched a camp for unemployed women called Camp Tera (Temporary Emergency Relief Administration), located on the shores of Lake Tiorati in Harriman State Park, New York. (Note: Several sources state that this camp was based in Bear Mountain State Park, but recent research suggests that it was actually located in Harriman State Park nearby.
"Eleanor Roosevelt at 'She She She Camp for Unemployed Women' in Bear Mountain [sic], New York," August 7, 1933. Courtesy of Franklin D. Roosevelt Library & Museum.
Ellen Woodward at her appointment to the Social Security Board, December 22, 1938. Courtesy of Harris & Ewing Collection, Library of Congress.
A month prior, in May 1933, the Roosevelt administration had created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) to manage unemployment, appointing Harry Hopkins as the agency's head. In the ensuing months, Hopkins and others came to recognize the mounting needs of unemployed women, who were largely left out of initial New Deal policies and programs that favored men. In August 1933, Hopkins appointed Ellen Woodward to be the director of FERA’s newly-created women’s division.
On November 20, 1933, Ellen Woodward and First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt hosted a White House conference, bringing together influential women from government and women’s organizations to focus attention on the immediate welfare needs of women and solicit potential solutions. At the conference, Hilda Worthington Smith , FERA's Specialist in Workers' Education, presented the idea of a nationwide program of residential schools, where relief and recreation could be coupled with an educational program that instilled social responsibility.
We might perhaps consider some plan of schools as relief projects or relief and education...
Hilda Worthington Smith with a history class, Bryn Mawr School for Working Women, c. 1926-29. Courtesy of The Schlesinger History of Women in America Collection, Artstor.
Backed by the National Women’s Trade Union League (NWTUL) , Hilda Worthington Smith originally brought the idea of a program of schools and camps for unemployed women to New Deal administrators earlier that year; the program was presented as a female counterpart to the CCC.
As the former director of the Bryn Mawr Summer School for Women Workers in Industry , Smith was a natural candidate for her position as FERA’s specialist in worker’s education. She started the job in September 1933, and used her new post to advocate for women’s education and shape the proposed camp program, with the continued support of her friend, Eleanor Roosevelt.
Eleanor Roosevelt acted as an essential proponent for the camps throughout their duration; her public support, interest, and involvement, coupled with her leadership position and influence within the White House, were essential to keeping the idea afloat and progressing.
Eleanor Roosevelt and Hilda Worthington Smith, Bryn Mawr Summer School, n.d., c. 1921-24. Photograph a later copy, c. 1972. Courtesy of The Schlesinger History of Women in America Collection, Artstor.
The Experiment
Camp Tera / Jane Addams
est. 1933, an experiment turned model
As an experiment, Camp Tera aimed to see if a camp program could in some way meet the needs of unemployed women, as it had for men in the CCC. Perkins described the purpose of the camp to the press as a relief measure, stating:
The immediate objective of the camp is to give immediate relief in an emergency. Relief is not always just a matter of money; it frequently is a matter of environment and mind. But, naturally, the main objective will be to try to find jobs for the women.
Director Marion Tinker (at center) with group of women, August 19, 1933. Photo by the Associated Press.
Unemployed women sign up to go to camp, June 2, 1933. Press photo.
Camp Tera opened on June 10, 1933, to an initial 17 unemployed women, all from New York and ranging in age from 20 to 35. The group comprised a mix of stenographers, factory workers, saleswomen, seamstresses, clerical workers, and one professional dancer, all of whom had been out of work for approximately a year or more.
By late June, Eleanor Roosevelt and Perkins expected the camp to "accommodate 300 women at the nominal cost of $5 per person per week" [1]. While initial recruitment issues slowed enrollment, a push from the First Lady helped to clear these hurdles, and by the end of August, Camp Tera hosted 200 women (including both white and Black women).
Unless you've walked the hot pavements of the city and gone hungry for months, well, unless you've done that, you just can't appreciate how wonderful all this is to us.
A Camper's Life: Pauli Murray
Pauli Murray standing in a tree, c. 1928-1941. Courtesy of The Schlesinger History of Women in America Collection, Artstor.
Civil rights activist Pauli Murray attended Camp Tera in its early days. In the fall of 1933, at the advice of her doctor to help treat her pleurisy, Murray quit her job so that she could enroll. In her 1987 autobiography, Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage, she recalled her experience:
It was little more than a recreational camp for adult women at the time I was there, since it offered no work experience beyond our camp duties and was only one step removed from the dole. Yet for me, as for most other women in the camp, it provided a sanctuary from the pressures of unemployed city life. It was our first experience of outdoor camp life that we had missed as children. And thanks to an enlightened social policy, it was unsegregated...
The camp was ideal for building up run-down bodies and renewing jaded spirits. There were more than forty women in residence when I arrived, and as sleeping facilities became available, the numbers increased. We slept in a winterized barracks, two women in each room, eating our meals and carrying on other indoor activities in the large main hall. A staff of young, well-trained counselors planned a wide variety of recreational pursuits - dramatics, arts and crafts, hiking along marked trails, rowing, and, when winter set in, sledding, skiing, and ice skating. The outdoor life gave me a tremendous appetite; I got over my cough and began to gain weight. [3]
Letter from Pauli Murray to Eleanor Roosevelt, December 6, 1938. Courtesy of Franklin D. Roosevelt Library & Museum.
Murray, however, clashed with the camp's director, Miss Mills, as she explained: "She resented my cockiness as much as I resented her patronizing attitude, and I was not prepared to give her the servile deference she demanded." She was first reprimanded by Miss Mills following her "disrespect" during a visit by Eleanor Roosevelt (see first paragraph in letter at left). Later, when camp leaders found a copy of Karl Marx's Das Kapital among her things, Murray was accused of coming to Camp Tera "for the express purpose of organizing a Communist cell," and she was asked to leave the camp. Murray maintained that she had been assigned the book for a past political philosophy class, and since she had not yet had time to read it, she had brought it to camp "to inform myself on an issue of such international significance." [3]
Murray's encounter with Eleanor Roosevelt at Camp Tera was the first of many meetings between the two women. Some of their correspondence can be viewed at the Roosevelt Library.
The She-She-She Camp Program
"FERA Camps for Unemployed Women, in Maine" (original caption), c. July 1934. Courtesy of Franklin D. Roosevelt Library & Museum.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA)
As Camp Tera developed, Hilda Worthington Smith continued to campaign for a nationwide system of schools and camps for unemployed women. In February 1934, Smith broached the subject to FERA field representatives, only to be met with opposition and disinterest. However, by late April 1934, a year after the launch of the CCC, Eleanor Roosevelt, Woodward, and Smith successfully set a plan in motion. On April 30, 1934, the three women held a second conference at the White House, gathering once again a group of female leaders in government and women’s organizations to map out the program’s launch on a national scale:
A plan was drawn which aimed to meet not only the essential relief needs of women for food, shelter, and clothing, but in some degree to satisfy equally important educational and social needs. Five types of instruction were proposed as essential in any educational scheme (1) home management (2) vocational counselling (3) the study of economic and social problems (4) health education and (5) recreation.
FERA chief Harry Hopkins approved the proposal as a relief measure, and in May 1934, his agency invited states to submit project proposals within a week in order to receive federal funding for a summer session. Twenty states applied within the span of a few days.
"FERA camps for unemployed women. Negro camp in in Atlanta, GA" (original caption), c. July 1934. Courtesy of Franklin D. Roosevelt Library & Museum.
Under the leadership of Hilda Worthington Smith, FERA’s Emergency Education Program was responsible for the management of the resident program, in partnership with the participating states. Initially, the program centered its efforts on providing for unemployed women’s relief, education, and social needs. National standards united the program at a federal level, with prescribed expectations for curriculum, organization, and objectives. However, the camps were run by individual participating states, and so elements of regional diversity, segregation, and experimentation emerged.
Federal funds supported the state-run programs, covering costs associated with site maintenance, accommodations, and the majority of staff salaries. By the end of 1934, approximately 2,000 women had enrolled in 28 schools and camps that spread across 28 states.
Individual schools and camps hosted an average of 66 students, each of whom stayed at the camp for a residency term of six to eight weeks. The women were drawn from relief rolls, with the candidates selected based on their good health and their interest in furthering their education. While camps accepted a wide age range, spanning 16 to 45 at some sites, the majority of women were under 25 and single. One-third of the women had no previous work experience, or had been employed only on relief projects. While some women came from urban communities, the majority came from small towns and rural communities. Although the program hosted both white and Black campers, roughly 90 percent of the campers were white.
"FERA camp for unemployed women. The Resident School for Unemployed Women Office Workers, Oberlin, Ohio. The whole school - students and faculty" (original caption), c. July 1934. Courtesy of Franklin D. Roosevelt Library & Museum.
Illinois National Youth Administration Poster, Federal Art Project, c. 1936-7. Courtesy of the Library of Congress.
National Youth Administration (NYA)
FERA continued to run the program until the summer of 1935, when it transferred the program to the NYA. In the summer of 1935, the NYA was established within the newly-created Works Progress Administration (WPA) , part of the Second New Deal ; its mission was to create paid work opportunities for youth ages 18 to 25 years old. Although Smith’s office continued to oversee the program, the administration and funding for the camps were transferred between June 1935 and July 1936 from FERA, a relief agency, to the NYA, a sub-section of the WPA, a work program.
While several aspects of the program remained intact, the reorganization under NYA did result in changes, including a shift in type of aid—paid work replaced rehabilitation—and a more targeted age bracket. The focus of what had become known as “Educational Camps for Unemployed Women” transitioned from rehabilitation to vocational training paired with education.
In the NYA version of the camp program, the program organizers operated under the assumption that women had little or no work experience, and that the program could provide some training to address that gap. The young women worked approximately three hours a day, making a maximum of $25 a month: $15 from that salary went to the program for room and board costs; the remainder (a minimum of $5) was returned to the camper.
The camps are set up as work projects, and campers work out their subsistence on useful projects, earning a monthly balance in cash of $5. Educational activities are stressed equally with work, and basic instruction is given in such subjects as home management, personal hygiene, English, and simple economic problems. The purpose of the camp program is to reestablish the morale and self-confidence of worthy young women who have grown up under the stress of poverty and joblessness, and to improve their chance of securing employment.
"Mary Bethune, in charge of the Colored Section, NYA," (original caption) c. 1938. Courtesy of Harris & Ewing Collection, Library of Congress.
Under the NYA, the women served by the program continued to be mostly white and from small towns or rural communities. Since the project’s inception in 1934, camps were generally segregated, with a few exceptions. By the close of the program, out of approximately 90 sites serving roughly 8,000 women, twelve sites were dedicated to unemployed Black women. These camps were of specific interest to Mary McLeod Bethune , director of the NYA's Division of Negro Affairs. Bethune was appointed to the newly created division in June 1936, in an acknowledgement by the Roosevelt administration that the New Deal needed to do more for marginalized Black youth. Bethune helped to create five new educational camps for Black women. However, these camps were short-lived: in October 1937, the NYA eliminated the entire women’s camp program.
Program Timeline
Timeline developed by PennPraxis, 2020.
The Sites
The interactive map below illustrates the breadth of the program. The sites shown have been identified based on available digitized agency reports, newspaper clippings, and image collections. The locations for years 1934 and 1935 are better documented due to an inventory in an agency report, which listed cities where the program operated. No such record was found for 1936 and 1937, during the NYA period; we relied more heavily on newspaper records to identify camps for these later years of the program. Thus, this resource should be viewed as a working map, rather than a definitive account of all sites. With further research, we hope to identify and confirm additional camp locations.
Enlarge the map and click on a location to learn about a specific camp. Note that in several locations, sites existed as camps for more than one year. This is evidenced on the final map, which depicts an overlay of all known sites that existed between 1933 and 1937. Click on the arrow at the top right of the window to scroll between years. Please also note that current site information was documented as of September 2020, and will continue to be updated as we learn more.
The Women of the She-She-She, a Collection of Photographs
The photographs in the slideshow below were sourced from the digital collections of The Franklin D. Roosevelt Library, The National Archives, The Schlesinger Library, and agency reports. The locations were confirmed or assigned based on our mapping research. Scroll through the slideshow to see images of a day-in-the-life for campers in various regions of the United States between 1933 and 1937.
The Legacy
The NYA attributed the program’s closure to the following: a higher per-capita cost than other youth projects; difficult enrollment (as the women's travel costs were not covered, and families were reluctant to send young women to camps); and the promise of other types of camp programs for youth (including co-ed opportunities). The closure may also be attributed in part to changes in policies when FERA transferred the program to the NYA, as well as a lack of state and federal funding and support. However, the camps did prove to be a forerunner to the NYA’s resident program for men and women, which operated before and during World War II, supporting the war effort and employing women. For example, Camp Roosevelt in Ocala, Florida was modeled after the She-She-She Camps and operated in the years leading up to World War II. It was featured in LIFE Magazine in 1940.
Film of Resident Center in Kansas. They Also Build, Office for Emergency Management, War Manpower Commission, Bureau of Training, National Youth Administration. Internet Archive.
In the end, the camps for unemployed women earned praise across the country for teaching women self-governance, cooperative living, and new skills, and for improving mental and physical health and self-confidence at the height of the Great Depression. As historian Joyce Kornbluh explained, “They were a small but significant experiment directed to establishing a principle – that government has a responsibility in meeting women’s education and job-related needs” [4]. Although the program was constrained by contemporary ideology and social norms, and financially restricted by New Deal policies that prioritized men’s employment and relief over women’s, the camps were successful in shining a light on the needs of women during the Great Depression.
To date, the resident camp program for unemployed women has been largely ignored in discussions of New Deal histories, which continue to center on programs that benefited men. A handful of historians have written about Camp Tera and the broader She-She-She Camp program; for these sources, see the bibliography below.
"She-She-She," a production of the Hook and Eye Theater in Brooklyn, New York. Image courtesy of the Hook and Eye Theater.
The program has had very little presence in public memory or culture. One exception: in 2016, the Hook and Eye Theater in Brooklyn produced an original play called "She-She-She," set in Camp Tera. The piece was inspired by the friendship between Eleanor Roosevelt and Pauli Murray, telling "a modern tale of alienation" through the stories of six women over the course of two decades at Bear Mountain. The production was conceived by Carrie Heitman, directed by Chad Lindsey, and written by Cynthia Babak, based on original research by Leah McVeigh.
In establishing a public, searchable inventory of this nationwide program, we hope to build a shared understanding of the significance of the She-She-She camps, rooting these places more deeply in the cultural landscape, economic histories, and histories of women of the United States.
Louise Anderson of Johnston City, Illinois at a dressing table fashioned by the girls from crates and a prune box, unemployed women's educational camp, Wolf Lake, Illinois, c. December 1936. Photo by ACME Newspictures, Inc.
Bibliography
Endnotes
[1] "Jobless Women's Camp Opened by U.S. at Bear Mt.," Daily News, June 2, 1933, ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
[2] Helen Welshimer, "Camps for Unemployed Women May Run Through The Winter," The Rapid City Daily Journal, August 25, 1933, Newspapers.com.
[3] Pauli Murray, Song in a Weary Throat: An American Pilgrimage (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 95-97, HathiTrust.
[4] Joyce Kornbluh, “The She-She-She Camps: An Experiment in Living and Learning, 1934-1937,” in Sisterhood and Solidarity, ed. Joyce L. Kornbluh and Mary Frederickson (Temple University Press, 1984), 274, JSTOR.
Referenced Sources
Black, Ruby A. Eleanor Roosevelt, a Biography. New York: Duell, Sloan & Pearce, 1940. HathiTrust.
Gordon, Fon. “‘A Generous and Exemplary Womanhood’: Hattie Rutherford Watson and NYA Camp Bethune in Pine Bluff, Arkansas, 1937.” In The Southern Elite and Social Change: Essays in Honor of Willard B. Gatewood, Jr., edited by Randy Finley and Thomas A. DeBlack, 133–42. Fayetteville: University of Arkansas Press, 2002.
Harris, Cora Annette. “First Lady Attends Recreational Parley.” The Charlotte Observer. May 1, 1934. Newspapers.com.
Johnson, Palmer O., and Oswald L. Harvey. “The National Youth Administration.” Prepared for the Advisory Committee on Education. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1938.
Kahramanidis, Jane. “The She-She-She Camps of the Great Depression.” History Magazine, March 2008, 13–16.
Kornbluh, Joyce L. “The She-She-She Camps: An Experiment in Living and Learning, 1934-1937.” In Sisterhood and Solidarity, edited by Joyce L. Kornbluh and Mary Frederickson, 253–83. Temple University Press, 1984. JSTOR.
Kornbluh, Joyce L., and Lyn Goldfarb. “Labor Education and Women Workers: An Historical Perspective.” In Labor Education for Women Workers, edited by Barbara Mayer Wertheimer, 15–31. Temple University Press, 1981. JSTOR.
Leatherwood, E.O. “Reception for the Derns One of Largest Private Receptions This Spring.” The Salt Lake Tribune. May 6, 1934. Newspapers.com.
Marx, Jerry. “Mary McLeod Bethune (1875-1955) - Educator, Public Administrator, and Civil Rights Arctivist.” Social Welfare History Project, January 12, 2011. https://socialwelfare.library.vcu.edu/eras/bethune-mary-mcleod/ .
Nelson, Dave. "Camp Roosevelt: A Case Study of the NYA in Florida. The Florida Historical Quarterly 86, no. 2 (Fall 2007): 162-85. JSTOR.
“Proceedings of the Conference on Emergency Needs of Women,” 28–29. The White House: Federal Emergency Relief Administration, 1933. HathiTrust.
Purcell, Sarah J., and L. Edward Purcell. The Life and Work of Eleanor Roosevelt. Critical Lives. Indianapolis: Alpha, 2001.
“Report on Educational Camps for Unemployed Women, 1934 and 1935.” Washington, D.C.: Federal Emergency Relief Administration, May 1936. HathiTrust.
"Roosevelt Appoints Perkins as Secretary of Labor, February 28, 1933." In DISCovering U.S. History. Detroit, MI: Gale, 2003. Gale In Context: College (accessed July 23, 2020). Gale in Context.
“Some Facts About Youth and the NYA.” Washington, D.C.: National Youth Administration, 1937. HathiTrust.
Swain, Martha H. Ellen S. Woodward: New Deal Advocate for Women. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 2005.
Swain, Martha H. “Woodward, Ellen Sullivan (1887-1971).” In American National Biography, 1999. American National Biography.
Ware, Susan. Beyond Suffrage: Women in the New Deal. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1981.
Wladaver-Morgan, Susan. “Young Women and the New Deal: Camps and Resident Centers, 1933-1943.” Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of History, Indiana University, 1982.
Winter, Thomas. “Smith, Hilda Jane Worthington (1888-1984).” In American National Biography, 1999. American National Biography.
Camp Tera / Jane Addams
1933
“17 Jobless Women Enter New Camp.” The New York Times. June 11, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“17 Jobless Women Reach First Camp.” The Washington Post. June 11, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“30 More Jobless Women Off For Camo Today; ‘Mistaken Ideas’ About Project Cleared.” The New York Times. June 21, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“90 Women Now at Relief Camp.” The New York Times. June 28, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Camp for Unemployed Girls May Run Through Winter.” Public Opinion. August 30, 1933. Newspapers.com.
“Camp for Unemployed Girls May Run Through Winter.” Rapid City Journal. August 25, 1933. Newspapers.com.
“Camp for Women Cost $4,376 to Date.” The New York Times. August 27, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Camp Gives Women New Lease on Life.” The Herald-Mail. August 31, 1933.
“Camp Here for Women Requested.” Los Angeles Times. June 14, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Camp Red Tape Irks President’s Wife.” The New York Times. June 19, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Camp Tera a Bit of Heaven for Jobless Women.” The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. June 14, 1933. Newspapers.com.
“CWA Service Jobs Ready Here Soon.” The New York Times. December 11, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“First Lady to Play Girls’ Camp Santa.” Daily News. December 18, 1933. Newspapers.com.
“‘Forgotten Women’ Intend to Rough It In Woodland Camp Until Jobs Are Open.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. June 5, 1933.
“Girl Camps Open Soon.” Los Angeles Times. June 2, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Girls at Camp Tera Don’t Mind the Snow.” The Waco News-Tribune. December 19, 1933. Newspapers.com.
“Idle Bachelor Women’s Camps Now Planned.” Chicago Daily Tribune. June 2, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Jobless Camp Greatly Helped by First Lady.” The Washington Post. July 7, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Jobless Girl Camp May Run into Winter.” Cumberland Evening Times. August 28, 1933. Newspaper Archive.
“Jobless Girls in Mountain Camp.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. June 13, 1933.
“Jobless Girls Thriving on Outdoor Life.” Ogdensburg Journal. June 16, 1933.
“Jobless Women in Camp Get Employment Again.” The Christian Science Monitor. August 26, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspaper.
“Jobless Women’s Camp Opened by U.S. at Bear Mt.” Daily News. June 2, 1933.
“Local Woman Directs Camp.” Harrisburg Telegraph. June 26, 1933.
“Lonely Girls in New ‘City Without Men’ Long for Return to Jobless Town and Dates.” The Press Democrat. June 29, 1933. Newspapers.com.
“Mrs. Roosevelt at Jobless Camp.” Argus-Leader. June 22, 1933. Newspapers.com.
“Mrs. Roosevelt’s Camp for Women Proves Success.” The Tampa Times. June 27, 1933. Newspapers.com.
“Mrs. Roosevelt Sees N.Y. State Camp for Unemployed Women.” Chicago Daily Tribune. June 19, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Mrs. Roosevelt with Unemployed Women.” The Morning News. June 21, 1933. Newspapers.com.
“Open Camp for Unemployed Women.” The Philadelphia Inquirer. June 13, 1933.
Pettit, Walter W. “Financing Camp Tera.” The New York Times. July 22, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Poor Mothers Made Eligible for Camp.” The Washington Post. December 18, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Relief Camp to Aid 100.” The New York Times. November 20, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Roosevelt Denies Anglo-U.S. Pact.” The Philadelphia Inquirer. September 2, 1933.
“Seven Negro Women at Roosevelt Camp.” The New York Amsterdam News. August 30, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“The First Camp for Unemployed Women Opens.” The Atlanta Constitution. June 25, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Unemployed Women and Girls to Camp.” Union Republican Tribune. June 16, 1933. Newspaper Archive.
“Unemployed Women Get Camp ‘Tips.’” Los Angeles Times. June 13, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Unemployed Women in Relief Camp: Successful Experiment.” The Times of India. September 19, 1933. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“U.S. Refuge for Jobless Women is Established.” Arizona Republic. July 2, 1933.
1934
“Camp for Needy Women Will be Enlarged to Give Summer Vacations to 200 at Once.” The New York Times. April 15, 1934. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Camp for Women Proves Big Success.” The Atlanta Constitution. April 15, 1934. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Camp Tera, Jobless Women’s Resort, to Expand Facilities.” Chicago Daily Tribune. April 15, 1934. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Enlarged Camp for Women Out of Jobs Planned.” Los Angeles Times. April 15, 1934. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Flour Sacks for Costumes.” The Honolulu Advertiser. September 16, 1934. Newspapers.com.
“Go to Camp Tera Today.” The New York Times. June 1, 1934. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“New Camp for Women.” The New York Times. November 19, 1934. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“N.Y. Enlarges Camp For Jobless Women.” The Washington Post. November 26, 1934. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
“Tera Lodge to Open Soon.” The New York Times. November 26, 1934. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
1935
"Women May Lose Camp." The New York Times. December 23, 1935. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
"Women's Camp is Closed." The New York Times. February 2, 1936. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
1936
"First Lady Laughs as Girls Camp Called 'Red.’" News-Pilot. July 8, 1936. Newspapers.com.
"Mrs. Roosevelt is Guest of Jobless Girls." Lancaster New Era. July 10, 1936. Newspapers.com.
Roosevelt, Eleanor. "My Day, July 9, 1936." The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Digital Edition.
"Women's Camp is Closed." The New York Times. February 2, 1936. ProQuest Historical Newspapers.
1937
Roosevelt, Eleanor. "My Day, August 18, 1937." The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers Digital Edition.