Oncorhynchus

Taxonomy

These exist in the kingdom Animalia underneath the phylum Chordata, and the class Actinopterygii. Then followed by the order of salmoniformes, with their family being Salmonidae. These are eukaryotic beings but more importantly they fit in through the phylum Chordata because at one point or another in their lifetime they go through the five synapomorphies of a post anal tail, pharyngeal slits, a dorsal hollow nerve chord, and an endostyle or thyroid. More importantly these are tied in with the specifications of ray finned fish, since they are apart of the 50% or more of boney fish, that are jawed and have all forms of pectoral, anal, and dorsal fins. Along with being a vertebrate with a hemal spine, having gills. The Salmonidae or salmonids are carnivorous ray finned fish that exist in the middle of the food chain, and they consist of salmon, trout, and charr. The other important thing of this family is that they are migratory cold-water who have select area that go back to every year to drop and have eggs fertilized, not to mention that they are fish who struggle to function there best if water nears or breaches those 60 degree temperatures.

Phylogeny

The major correlation between these two would be the how Salmoninae is the earliest common ancestor that all the trout and salmon even if being somewhat different from each other. The fact that You find the same dorsal nerve chord, in a Hemal vertebrate with gills, and goes through with external reproduction. The reason these are related not only because of their common ancestor, but it is the Cathelicidin gene that is found in both Oncorhynchus Mykiss, and Salmo Salar. The soon to be sister group of the species would be the Salmonidae which gave these the adaptation to be able to diffuse fresh and salt water through their gills, so then the progression of lifecycles were altered. Salmonidae have synapomorphies, but they begin the egg and then to alevins, to being fry, then to the teenage stage of the parr, after that they go to their smolt followed by the adult and reproducing salmon. The reasons things changed is because an isolated group in just drifted away and remain more in fresh water creating the Oncorhynchus genus and their adaptations.

Geologic History

According to Olaf Banki,the family Oncorhynchus was first officially recorded by Linneus in 1883. The family Oncorhynchus having around 2.3 million extant species present, provides for a lot of information regarding fossil records. Being fishes that reside mostly in moving water there is also a higher chance for the fossilization process to occur. This is because upon death in moving water the species can either be pushed downward or to the bank which can provide a final resting spot that can easily be quickly covered in sediments and protected from predators.

Cherry Trout Map

This map is of the Oncorhynchus Masou or what is also known as the cherry trout. They swim throughout the Pacific but are most commonly caught and seen off of the shores of Korea and Japan

Rainbow Trout Map

This is a map of the sightings from Oncorhynchus Mykiss, or also the rainbow trout. These are an extremely migratory species that can be seen from any part of the world that connects with the Pacific

Conservation issues

According to the IUCN Red List, the family Oncorhynchus there are five species that are critically endangered, six species that are endangered, one species extinct in the wild, three species that are near threatened, and two species that are deficient in data. When looking at this Family in the big picture, you may see this as an unthreatened group, which in the broad picture is correct. Taking a closer look at the Family shows many problems this Family can have from a conservation standpoint. Some of the bigger impacts that are being made on these species is agriculture, pollution, logging/wood harvesting, and invasive species. Many of the species within the Family Oncorhynchus can be very “fragile” when looking at them in a hardy perspective. Even a slight change in water clarity can end up killing a population within the Family, making them very susceptible to environmental changes.

Cutthroat Trout Map

This is a map of displayed the sightings of Oncorhynchus Clarkii, The common name is the cutthroat trout and these are more native to North America but can migrate to Europe if something is to pull them

Golden Trout Map

This is Oncorhynchus Aguabonita, or know as the golden trout, often time these will be found in fresh water more secluded area in higher elevation.

Brown Trout Map

This would be the map of the species Salmo Trutta, with the common name being a brown trout, these can spotted and in just about any river through Europe and North America

Interesting Biological Aspect

Like many animals trout have a relatively normal time of year to spawn that occurs about once a year. This usually occurs within the spring months while water temperatures are beginning to rise, and typically begins when water temperatures get to about fourty-two to forty-four degrees fahrenheit, according to Wills Donaldson with Flylords Magazine. While much of the spawning is normal between Oncorhynchus and other Families of Actinopterygii, the interesting fact is when you take a closer look at their spawning habits. Many species within the Family will do what fisherman refer to as “run” upriver for hundreds of miles to make it to either a separate body of water, or to a calm spot within the river. This run can cause lots of stress on the organisms, especially the older the organism is. With the run being such an exhausting process for the organism, many of the sexually mature organisms can pass away from this, which is interesting why the Family would continue this, when it can ultimately end in high rates of adult death

Work Cited

Chokhachy, Robert Al, et al. “A Review of Bull Trout Habitat Associations and Exploratory Analyses of Patterns across the Interior Columbia River Basin.” Taylor & Francis, North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 8 Jan. 2011, https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1577/M09-034.1.

Author links open overlay panelC.Louise Milligan, et al. “Metabolic Recovery from Exhaustive Exercise in Rainbow Trout.” Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Physiology, Pergamon, 8 Dec. 1999, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0300962995020608

Kovach, Ryan P., et al. “Impacts of Climatic Variation on Trout: A Global Synthesis and Path Forward - Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries.” SpringerLink, Springer International Publishing, 10 Dec. 2015, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11160-015-9414-x.

Moore, Megan E., et al. “Early Marine Migration Patterns of Wild Coastal Cutthroat Trout (Oncorhynchus Clarki Clarki), Steelhead Trout (Oncorhynchus Mykiss), and Their Hybrids.” PLOS ONE, Public Library of Science, 6 Oct. 2012, https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0012881.

Smialek, Nicole, et al. “Environmental Threats and Conservation ... - Wiley Online Library.” Wiley Online Library, Fisheries Managment and Ecology, 5 Aug. 2021, https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/fme.12507.

Beatrice M. Frank, ET AL. 2011. A review of ecological models for brown trout: towards a new demogenetic model. Pp. 167–325 in Ecology of Freshwater Fish (Béatrice M. Frank, John J. Piccolo, Philippe V. Baret).

Takeshi Watanabe, Toshio Takeuchi, Minoru Saito, and Kazuhisa Nishimura. 1984. Effect of Low Protein-High Calory or Essential Fatty Acid Deficiency Diet on Reproduction of            Rainbow Trout. Bulletin of the Japanese Society of Scientific Fisheries 1207–1215. Biniam Samuel-Fitwi, Jan P. Schroeder, and Carsten Schulz. 2013. System delimitation in life cycle assessment (LCA) of aquaculture: striving for valid and comprehensive environmental assessment using rainbow trout farming as a case study. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment 577–589.

NADİR BAŞÇINAR, İBRAHİM OKUMUŞ. 2004. The Early Development of Brook Trout    development of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill): Survival and Growth Rates of Alevins. Turkish Journal of Veterinary & Animal Science 297–301.

Levan Ninua, ET AL. 2018. Phylogeography and taxonomic status of trout and salmon from the        Ponto-Caspian drainages, with inferences on European Brown Trout evolution and    taxonomy Pp. 2645– 2658 in Ecology and Evolution (A. G. Nazareno).

Flylords Mag.” Flylords Mag - Flylords Mag, 14 Feb. 2022, https://flylordsmag.com/spring-into-trout-love-what-to-know-about-upcoming-spawningeasons:text=Rainbow%20trout%2C%20including%20steelhead%20forms,6%20to%207%20%C2%B0C).

Bánki, Olaf. “Catalog of Life Checklist.” GBIF, The Catalog of Life Partnership, 29 Jan.

“The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.” IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org/.