(1) Nicole Elko, Kate Brodie et al., "Dune Management Challenges on Developed Coasts", Shore & Beach 84 (2016): 1–14.

(2) J.M. Westgate, “Reclamation of the Cape Cod Sand Dunes”, Bureau of Plant Industry – Bulletin 65 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1904) ; "The Dunes and Landes of Gascogny", The Forester, an Illustrated Journal of Forestry (1897): 88; F.H. Lamb, "Sand-Dune Reclamation on the Pacific Coast", The Forester 4 (1898): 141–42.

(3) J. D. Dana, United States Exploring Expedition, during the Years 1838, 1839, 1840, 1841, 1842, under the Command of Charles Wilkes, U. S. N., Vol. X (Philadelphia: C. Sherman, 1849), 618, 625; N. Scholfield, "The Siuslaw River", The Umpqua Weekly, May 19, 1854.

(4) Mary Lou Skinner, "Florence, the ‘Fir-Clad’ City", Lane County Historical Society 16 (1971): 25-31; Paul D. Komar, The Pacific Northwest Coast. Living with the Shores of Oregon and Washington (Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1997), 64; William Robbins, Landscapes of Promise. The Oregon Story 1800-1940 (Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 1997), 25-45.

(5) Robbins, Landscapes of Promise, 65, 128.

(6) Skinner, “Florence, the ‘Fir-Clad’ City”; H.H. Bancroft, History of Oregon (San Francisco: The History Company Publishers, 1888), 757; 'Bounty Fields Undeveloped in Rich Fields around Thriving Florence', The Sunday Oregonian, February 4, 1912.

(7) Robbins, Landscapes of Promise, 110.

(8) "The Chief Tree Planter Examines Shifting Sand along Columbia", East Oregonian, October 10, 1901; “Reclaim Sand Dunes", The Daily Journal, July 25, 1902; Robbins, Lanscapes of Promise, 168-169.

(9) "Sea Ridge Reclamation", Tri-Weekly Astoria, January 17, 1874.

(10) "Ranger Sets Windbreak. Forester at Florence to Protect Seeds for Pine Forest", The Morning Oregonian, January 13, 1913; "Would Reclaim Coast Lands", The Coos Bay Times, January 22, 1913.

(11) Diantha Louise Green, "Developmental History of European Beachgrass (Ammophila Arenaria (L.) Link) Plantings on the Oregon Coastal Sand Dunes," (M. Diss., Oregon State University, 1965), 17. https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/4q77fv1 16?locale=en

(12) “Landowners Urge Organization of Soil Districts", Heppner Gazette Times, September 4, 1941.

(13) Green, "Developmental History of European Beachgrass", 1, 15, 17-18.

(14) "Act to Establish the Oregon Dunes National Recreation Area in the State of Oregon and for Other Purposes", Public Law 92-260, March 23, 1972.

(15) Elko et al., "Dune Management Challenges on Developed Coasts", 3.

(16) Karl Nordstrom, Beach and Dune Restoration (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).

(17) Elko et al., "Dune Management Challenges on Developed Coasts", 3-4.

(18) Martínez, Psuty, and Lubke, "A Perspective on Coastal Dunes", 3.

(19) Nordstrom, Beaches and Dunes of Developed Coasts, 3.

(20) M. Luisa Martínez, M.A. Maun, and Norbert Psuty, "The Fragility and Conservation of the World’s Coastal Dunes: Geomorphological, Ecological and Socioeconomics Perspectives", in Coastal Dunes, Ecology and Conservation (Berlin-Heidelberg-New York: Springer-Verlag, 2008), 362, 364-365.

(21) Restoring the Oregon’s Dunes. The Bid to Save a National Treasure (Oregon Dunes Restoration Collaborative, 2018). https://www.saveoregondunes.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Dunes-Restoration-Strategy.pdf; A.M. Wiedemann and A.J. Pickart, 'Temperate Zone Coastal Dunes', in Coastal Dunes, Ecology and Conservation, 62.

(22) Elko et al., "Dune Management Challenges on Developed Coasts", 4.

(23) P. Zarnetseke et al., "Coastal Foredune Evolution: The Relative Influence of Vegetation and Sand Supply in the US Pacific Northwest", Journal of the Royal Society Interface 12 (2015): 8.

(24) James Scott, Seeing Like a State. How Certain Schemes to Improve the Human Condition Have Failed (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1998), 4; Ian Hodder, Entangled: An Archaeology of the Relationships between Humans and Things (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2012).

Images by order of appearanceAuthor Rights

CoverCresmina Dunes in Portugal, Joana Gaspar de Freitas, 2020, DUNES Open Archive.

1Frank Herbert, Dune. 50th anniversary ed. Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2015.

2Sand dune at Honeyman State Park near Florence, Oregon, ca. 1947, Oregon State Archives, Oregon State Highway Division. https://photos.salemhistory.net/digital/collection/orarc/id/1938/rec/41

3F. Herbert, Dune. 50th anniversary ed., Hodder & Stoughton, London, 2015 – with Nebula and Hugo Awards; Rachel Carson, Silent Spring, Penguin Modern Classics, London, 2000; G. Lucas, D. Glut and J. Kahn, Star Wars Trilogy, Del Rei, New York, 2015; George R. Martin, Game of Thrones, Bantam, New York, 2016; Rachel Carson image taken from https://www.gettyimages.pt/fotos/rachel-carson?family=editorial&phrase=rachel%20carson&sort=mostpopular# in CBS Reports.

4Cresmina Dunes in Portugal, Joana Gaspar de Freitas, 2020, DUNES Open Archive.

5Aerial view of sand dunes on the southern Oregon coast near Florence, 1950, Salem Public Library, SCC44. https://photos.salemhistory.net/digital/collection/specialcol/id/1111/rec/37

6Frank Herbert, George Westbeau, 1969.

7A menace to railroad traffic-shifting sands along the Columbia River, Oregon, U.S.A., 1905, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2018651830/

8Westgate, "Reclamation of Cape Cod Sand Dunes".

9Coastal sand dunes in the Siuslaw Soil Conservation District, R. Baum, 1959, Oregon State Archives, Oregon Department of Agriculture, OAG0020. https://photos.salemhistory.net/digital/collection/orarc/id/384/rec/12

10Oregon Dunes map, Ruwan Sampath, 2021, DUNES Open Archive.

11The Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Ore.), July 3, 1904, Page 5, Historic Oregon Newspapers.

12The Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Ore.), May 8, 1910, Historic Oregon Newspapers.

13Sand dune fixation on the Oregon coast through the planting of Holland grass. Oregon, Arthur Rothstein, 1936, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2017760706/

14Forester planting Monterey pines coastal in the sand dunes in the Siuslaw Soil Conservation District, R. Baum, 1959, Oregon State Archives, Oregon Department of Agriculture, OAG0022. https://photos.salemhistory.net/digital/collection/orarc/id/386/rec/14

15São Martinho beach in Portugal, Joana Gaspar de Freitas, 2019, DUNES Open Archive.

16São Pedro da Maceda beach in Portugal, Joana Gaspar de Freitas, 2019, DUNES Open Archive.

17Ilha da Fuzeta in Algarve - Portugal, Joana Gaspar de Freitas, 2018, DUNES Open Archive.

18Costa da Caparica in Portugal, Ana Marcelino, 2019, DUNES Open Archive.

19Dunes, Oregon, Carol M. Highsmith, between 1980-2006, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/2011630037/

20Florianópolis in Brazil, Joana Gaspar de Freitas, 2019, DUNES Open Archive.

21Cresmina Dunes in Portugal, Joana Gaspar de Freitas, 2020, DUNES Open Archive.

22Praia da Memória in Matosinhos - Portugal, Monique Palma, 2020, DUNES Open Archive.

License of useThis work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.