Exploring underwater sounds within the U.S. National Marine Sanctuary System
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the U.S. Navy are working to better understand underwater sound within the National Marine Sanctuary System. Since fall 2018, the agencies have been working with a number of scientific partners to study sound within seven national marine sanctuaries and one marine national monument, in waters off Hawai’i and the U.S. East and West Coasts. Standardized measurements are being used to identify sounds produced by marine animals, physical processes (e.g., wind and waves), and human activities, and comparisons are being made across these 30 nationally-distributed locations. Information from this project will be available to the public to download and explore starting in 2022. In the meantime, this story map invites you to take a tour of the places where this work is underway and introduces you to some of the questions this project seeks to answer in order to better understand and protect these special underwater places.
Marc Lammers retrieves a sound recorder from the north shore of Kauai SanctSound listening station. Credit: Pepe Conley/NOAA
Sound recorder in Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary circled by Atlantic spadefish. Credit: UConn
Kathy Hough, LT Alisha Friel, and LTJG Anna Hallingstad prepare to deploy a sound recorder off R/V Tatoosh at a SanctSound listening station in Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Credit: Kathy Hough/NOAA
Former CSU Long Beach graduate student Alyssa Clevenstine moves slowly through a dense kelp forest, searching for giant sea bass to tag under permit. A receiver that logs the presence of tagged fish is co-located on the hydrophone mooring at this SanctSound listening station in Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Credit: Lindsey Peavey Reeves/NOAA
Lindsey Peavey Reeves prepares to deploy a sound recorder (in hand) secured to an oceanographic mooring at a SanctSound listening station in Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary off R/V Fulmar. Credit: Clyde Terrell/NOAA
A researcher prepares a sound recorder in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary.
Lonny Anderson attaching a sound recorder to a seafloor mooring at a Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary SanctSound listening station. Credit: Mike Buchman/NOAA
Keith Wyckoff and Matthew Schehl of Naval Postgraduate School prepare a sound recorder mooring for deployment at a Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary SanctSound listening station off R/V Fulmar. Credit: Javier Chagoya/US Navy
Kimberly Roberson releases a black sea bass with an acoustic telemetry tag implanted into its abdominal cavity to track movement along with sound production of the species within Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. Credit: Justin Miyano/NOAA
Listening glider deployed in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Credit: NOAA
Since fall 2018, teams of partners have been deploying and retrieving stationary recorders and autonomous underwater vehicles off NOAA vessels to collect underwater sounds from across the sanctuary system. Photo Credits: NOAA, University of Connecticut, and U.S. Navy.
Why are we listening?
Ever tried to explain to a friend how noisy it was in a new, bustling restaurant? Or how silent it was during a hike in the wilderness? You often find yourself making comparisons to other places you’ve been in order to make your point: “it was louder than the library, but quieter than the coffee shop down the street.” But how do we ensure that such comparisons made across marine protected areas hundreds of miles away from each other are based on accurate information about what the acoustic conditions are really like in these different places?
The goal of the SanctSound project is to understand how sound varies in the ocean by collecting the same information in sanctuaries around the United States. To do this, 30 locations within seven national marine sanctuaries and one marine national monument were selected to listen to the ocean, as continuously as possible, over a period of three years.
At each of these locations, sound is being recorded using an underwater microphone (also known as a hydrophone) placed near the seafloor. Periodically we retrieve the instruments to download the recordings and refresh the batteries. At shallower locations like those in Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary off the coast of Georgia, this equipment is placed and retrieved by divers. At deeper locations such as those in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, gear is deployed over the side of the sanctuary’s research boats and allowed to sink to the seafloor using an anchored mooring line. Also attached to each mooring line is a release system, placed between the recording equipment and anchor, which is used to remotely release the gear for recovery. After release, the recording equipment rises to the surface and gets picked up by scientists on the research vessel. Both listening station maintenance methods enable continuous recordings at stationary locations.
This is an interactive map showing boundaries for seven national marine sanctuaries and one marine national monument, overlaid with SanctSound’s 30 listening stations and three glider survey locations within those boundaries.
Where are we listening?
Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary
Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Click to expand.
SanctSound continues a long tradition of acoustic monitoring within Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, including an area known to be important for spawning Atlantic cod, detecting the vocalizations of whale and dolphin species, and tracking contributions by vessels large and small that can dominate sound levels in this well-trafficked sanctuary. A type of autonomous underwater vehicle, called gliders, have also been used to record winter calling behaviors of a range of vulnerable species, from critically endangered North Atlantic right whales to commercially and ecologically important Atlantic cod and haddock.
Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary
Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary. Click to expand.
The smaller but mighty research-only area within Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary, often referred to as an offshore “living laboratory,” is wired for sound, with three listening locations that span different use areas. Co-located with receivers tracking tagged marine animals, the Gray’s Reef soundscape is rich with fish chorusing activity and the occasional endangered North Atlantic right whale. Stationary recordings are augmented in Gray’s Reef by affixing hydrophones on gliders deployed during key time periods and in areas of special interest.
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Click to expand.
The four SanctSound listening sites are all on the ocean side of the nation’s only coral barrier reef, protected within the boundaries of Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. In close partnership with state wildlife agencies, these locations are nested with broader networks of fish tracking receivers, inside and outside of areas with restricted access for fishing, and near reefs targeted for active coral restoration efforts. Listening in this sanctuary allows us to hear the gamut, from snapping shrimp to dolphins and many species of fish, to different types of vessels, and the occasional hurricane too!
Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary
Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Click to expand.
SanctSound has expanded long-term listening in and around Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary focused on ships and whales, establishing a baseline understanding of the sanctuary’s rich ecological and environmental diversity at five listening stations. Monitored habitats range from lush kelp forests to rocky reefs to flat oceanographic features called “marine terraces.” By characterizing these local soundscapes, we are learning how the sounds of marine life and humans overlap in these special places.
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Click to expand.
A long-time research hub and home to a cabled to shore hydrophone maintained by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, three additional recorder locations are being used to characterize soundscapes in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. A mix of shallow and deep sampling sites captures everything from small boat traffic in and out of Monterey Harbor, to noise from commercial vessel traffic offshore propagating into Monterey Canyon, to the jaw-dropping, multi-trophic level foraging events that the sanctuary famously supports.
Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary
Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Click to expand.
SanctSound listens at four locations in Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary, each with very different soundscapes influenced by vessel traffic, weather patterns, calling marine animals, military activity, and tides. All four hydrophone moorings co-locate acoustic telemetry receivers to track salmon and other tagged fish; an example of how NOAA researchers partner to maximize oceanographic sampling efforts, as well as data integration and analysis opportunities.
Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary. Click to expand.
Recording sites are placed across the Hawaiian archipelago to monitor the timing and abundance of singing humpback whales in different parts of sanctuary waters. Locations were selected to optimize the detection of whale singing activity, observe other biological processes such as dolphin movements, and identify anthropogenic activities such as vessel transits. These acoustic surveys of humpback whales can be paired with visual surveys to gain even more insight into how humpbacks use these special waters.
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Click to expand.
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument encompasses more than 583,000 square miles! Stationary recorders, and recorders affixed to wave gliders, capture the soundscape across this vast archipelago of islands, banks and seamounts. Monitoring the occurrence of humpback whale song and vessel activity are the top priorities here, so recorders have been placed at locations with suspected whale presence and comparable bathymetry.
Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary
SanctSound continues a long tradition of acoustic monitoring within Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary, including an area known to be important for spawning Atlantic cod, detecting the vocalizations of whale and dolphin species, and tracking contributions by vessels large and small that can dominate sound levels in this well-trafficked sanctuary. A type of autonomous underwater vehicle, called gliders, have also been used to record winter calling behaviors of a range of vulnerable species, from critically endangered North Atlantic right whales to commercially and ecologically important Atlantic cod and haddock.
Captions: 1) Timothy Rowell prepares to deploy a sound recorder off R/V Auk in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary. Photo Credit: NOAA; 2) Ben Hodges from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution deploys a listening glider in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary off R/V Auk. Photo Credit: NOAA.
Gray's Reef National Marine Sanctuary
The smaller but mighty research-only area within Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary, often referred to as an offshore “living laboratory,” is wired for sound, with three listening locations that span different use areas. Co-located with receivers tracking tagged marine animals, the Gray’s Reef soundscape is rich with fish chorusing activity and the occasional endangered North Atlantic right whale. Stationary recordings are augmented in Gray’s Reef by affixing hydrophones on gliders deployed during key time periods and in areas of special interest.
Captions: 1) Kimberly Roberson releases a black sea bass with an acoustic telemetry tag implanted into its abdominal cavity to track movement along with sound production of the species within Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. Video Credit: Justin Miyano/NOAA; 2) Alison Soss prepares to deploy a sound recorder in Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. Photo Credit: NOAA; 3) Timothy Rowell swaps out a sound recorder for a new one with fresh batteries in Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. Photo Credit: Justin Miyano/NOAA.
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary
The four SanctSound listening sites are all on the ocean side of the nation’s only coral barrier reef, protected within the boundaries of Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. In close partnership with state wildlife agencies, these locations are nested with broader networks of fish tracking receivers, inside and outside of areas with restricted access for fishing, and near reefs targeted for active coral restoration efforts. Listening in this sanctuary allows us to hear the gamut, from snapping shrimp to dolphins and many species of fish, to different types of vessels, and the occasional hurricane too!
Captions: 1) Ariel Tobin of Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission services a sound recorder at one of Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary’s SanctSound listening stations. Photo Credit: Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission; 2) An acoustic receiver (back) is stationed next to a SanctSound sound recorder (front) in Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Photo Credit: NOAA.
Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary
SanctSound has expanded long-term listening in and around Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary focused on ships and whales, establishing a baseline understanding of the sanctuary’s rich ecological and environmental diversity at five listening stations. Monitored habitats range from lush kelp forests to rocky reefs to flat oceanographic features called “marine terraces.” By characterizing these local soundscapes, we are learning how the sounds of marine life and humans overlap in these special places.
Captions: 1) A large commercial ship and a baleen whale cross paths in shipping lanes that run parallel to Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Photo Credit: John Calambokidis/Cascadia Research Collective; 2) Working under California Department of Fish and Wildlife Research Permit #SC-1627, former CSU Long Beach graduate student Alyssa Clevenstine tags a giant sea bass with an acoustic pinger that communicates its presence to fish tracking receivers stationed around Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Video Credit: Lindsey Peavey Reeves/NOAA.
Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary
A long-time research hub and home to a cabled to shore hydrophone maintained by the Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute, three additional recorder locations are being used to characterize soundscapes in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. A mix of shallow and deep sampling sites captures everything from small boat traffic in and out of Monterey Harbor, to noise from commercial vessel traffic offshore propagating into Monterey Canyon, to the jaw-dropping, multi-trophic level foraging events that the sanctuary famously supports.
Caption: Onboard R/V Fulmar, John Joseph and his Naval Postgraduate School colleagues prepare to deploy a sound recorder attached to an oceanographic mooring at one of the SanctSound listening stations in Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary. Photo Credit: Andrew DeVogelaere/NOAA.
Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary
SanctSound listens at four locations in Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary, each with very different soundscapes influenced by vessel traffic, weather patterns, calling marine animals, military activity, and tides. All four hydrophone moorings co-locate acoustic telemetry receivers to track salmon and other tagged fish; an example of how NOAA researchers partner to maximize oceanographic sampling efforts, as well as data integration and analysis opportunities.
Caption: Kathy Hough, LT Alisha Friel, and LTJG Anna Hallingstad deploy a sound recorder mooring off R/V Tatoosh at a SanctSound listening station in Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary. Video Credit: Kathy Hough/NOAA.
Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary
Recording sites are placed across the Hawaiian archipelago to monitor the timing and abundance of singing humpback whales in different parts of sanctuary waters. Locations were selected to optimize the detection of whale singing activity, observe other biological processes such as dolphin movements, and identify anthropogenic activities such as vessel transits. These acoustic surveys of humpback whales can be paired with visual surveys to gain even more insight into how humpbacks use these special waters.
Captions: 1) From R/V Kohola, Ed Lyman, Marc Lammers and Eden Zang (left to right) deploying a sound recorder off the island of Maui in Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary Photo Credit: Ed Lyman/NOAA; 2) A sound recorder mooring being deployed by Chris Kaanaana, the Chief Bosun on the NOAA Ship Oscar Elton Sette, in the Hawaiian Islands. Photo Credit: NOAA.
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument
Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument encompasses more than 583,000 square miles! Stationary recorders, and recorders affixed to wave gliders, capture the soundscape across this vast archipelago of islands, banks and seamounts. Monitoring the occurrence of humpback whale song and vessel activity are the top priorities here, so recorders have been placed at locations with suspected whale presence and comparable bathymetry.
Captions: 1) An all-female science team and vessel crew deployed five sound recorders across Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument, a remote area that can only be accessed under permitted activities. This photo was taken off Tern Island which is located in French Frigate Shoals. From left to right: Julia Hartl, Malia Evans, Brittany Evans, Eden Zang, and Gillian Wysock. Photo Credit: NOAA; 2) The wave glider ‘Europa’ is pictured here off Puako, Hawaii prior to the start of its mission to survey the banks and shoals of Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Photo Credit: Marc Lammers/NOAA; 3) Marc Lammers and Beth Goodwin test a wave glider ahead of its autonomous acoustic survey mission to record humpback whale vocalizations in Papahānaumokuākea Marine National Monument. Photo Credit: Adam Taufmann/Jupiter Research Foundation.
What are we measuring?
Ever tried to negotiate where to sit at a concert with a friend who thinks it’s much louder up front than you do? Or wondered how cars are rated loud or quiet? What was it about what you heard, or didn’t hear, that you noticed? Common measurement methods are key to providing a baseline for comparing the acoustic attributes of different places before taking into account differences in how we each experience them as individuals.
SanctSound collects a large amount of information via continuous underwater recordings. In fact, by its end in spring 2022, the project will have collected close to 300 terabytes of data. For context, approximately 500 hours of film can fit in one terabyte! A primary goal of SanctSound is to allow people to easily explore and access much of that data, and to showcase the types of information that sound can provide to help us understand and protect our oceans and its inhabitants. SanctSound data are archived and downloadable from the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI).
This image shows a screen capture of the NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information’s Passive Acoustic Data Viewer where SanctSound and other acoustic project data from around the country are archived and accessible for download. Credit: NOAA
The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information manages a Passive Acoustic Data Viewer where archived SanctSound and other acoustic project data from around the country can be discovered and accessed. Credit: NOAA
For example, recordings collected in 2019 at Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary SanctSound listening stations are currently accessible at NCEI. One tool for visualizing sound data and changes in the soundscape is the spectrogram. A spectrogram uses color to show the intensity (or loudness) of sound at various frequencies (or pitches) over time. Not only can you see whether sound is more or less intense at different frequencies, for example, 100 Hertz vs 1,000 Hertz, across time at one location, but you can also compare two spectrograms to see how intensity levels differ by location. The spectrograms below are from two different recording locations in Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary over the same time period (August 20 - September 4, 2019). You can see that lower pitch sounds from vessel noise are the loudest (warmer colors) contributors to the soundscape at both locations, but that vessel noise is constant in the location shown on top versus periodic in the location shown on bottom. This makes sense, as the top location (OC-02) is the listening station in the middle of international shipping lanes approaching and exiting Puget Sound and the ports of Seattle and Vancouver, while the bottom location (OC-04) is the listening station further south that experiences intermittent traffic from smaller vessels, like fishing boats operating seasonally.
Two stacked spectrograms representing continuous recordings from two SanctSound listening stations in Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary display frequency on the y-axis (20 - 24,011 Hertz) and time on the x-axis (August 20 - September 4, 2019). The spectrograms represent pitch (frequency) and intensity (30 - 90 decibels) of sound levels in the middle of international shipping lanes in the northern sanctuary (top, OC02), compared to in a southern sanctuary location (bottom, OC04) that experiences seasonal changes in sound levels. Over the time frame shown, constant ship traffic at OC02 led to consistent sound levels around 90 decibels at low frequencies, mainly within 20 - 1,000 Hertz, compared to OC04’s variable sound levels, with intermittent loud periods up to 90 decibels within 20 - 4,000 Hertz. Credit: SanctSound
Spectrograms from two SanctSound listening stations (OC02, top; OC04, bottom) in Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary between August 20 and September 4, 2019. Credit: SanctSound
What are we hearing?
Ever traveled to a new city and noticed how different it sounded from home? Sometimes you know immediately what is making a sound because it is relatively common and sounds about the same wherever you go (e.g., train passing by, airplanes taking off, truck backing up). Other sounds might be harder to figure out: What bird makes that call? Is that a baby crying in the distance?
SanctSound listening stations hear a variety of sounds including physical processes, animals, and human activities. Reef-dwelling invertebrates like snapping shrimp, fish, and whales, vessels big and small, fishing activities, and sonars used in military training are a few of the expected and relatively well-characterized sources of sound the project is hearing.
Only a few types of sounds are present at all of the project’s recording locations. These include the underwater sounds made by vessels both big and small.
Take a listen to a large vessel passing close to a listening station in Stellwagen Bank National Marine Sanctuary; does it remind you of what it sounds like when you’re near a highway on land? Credit: SanctSound
Some sounds were present over many locations, including sounds made by snapping shrimp, which are heard in Gray’s Reef, Florida Keys, Channel Islands, and Hawaiian Islands Humpback national marine sanctuaries.
The unmistakable symphony of snaps, crackles, and pops commonly heard at shallow reefs is generated by tiny musicians: snapping shrimp! This is what they sound like in Channel Islands National Marine Sanctuary. Credit: SanctSound
Still other sounds were present in only one or a few locations, like humpback whales singing in their Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary breeding grounds.
Humpback whale song is one of the most recognizable sounds of the sea. This is a recording from Hawaiian Islands Humpback Whale National Marine Sanctuary in 2019. Credit: SanctSound
Sounds produced by animals often peak during specific periods of the day, and during specific months or seasons based on the roles the sound plays in the animals’ reproductive, feeding or migratory activity. We can graph the number of times a certain sound is recorded each month to look for times of year when that sound is a more or less important component of the sanctuary soundscape. For example, how often we hear black groupers calling at a listening station in Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary.
Chart of the number of black grouper sounds recorded per day (December 2018- April 2019) at a SanctSound listening station in Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Credit: Timothy Rowell, NOAA
How far can we hear?
Ever been in a quiet library and noticed that you can hear someone clicking their pen from across the room? Ever notice you can talk comfortably with a friend in an empty coffee shop but have to pull your stools closer when the room fills up?
Each of the 30 recording locations selected for this study are recording sounds over different ranges based on the different environments in which they are placed. When you listen in a specific place, your ability to hear different sounds is dependent on the sound itself and the path the sound travels from the source to you – or in this case, the hydrophone. Important qualities for the sound include how loud it is and the frequencies, or tones, it contains. Louder and lower pitch sounds can generally be heard farther away than quieter and higher pitch sounds. But the path that sound wave takes through the water, known as a sound’s “propagation,” is influenced by numerous factors like the depth of the source in the water column, the depth of the seafloor, whether the seafloor is hard or soft, bumpy or flat, and properties of the water itself (e.g., salinity, temperature, density).
When we compare and explore sound recordings made at different recording locations, it’s important to know if the hydrophone at a location is recording sounds from a very small area near the hydrophone or a much larger surrounding area. To estimate the “listening range” over which a hydrophone can hear specific sounds, we used mathematical models of sound wave propagation combined with the known characteristics of the environment around each location (e.g., depth, composition of seabed) and the known characteristics of several different sounds of interest (the intensity and main frequency content of boats, fish calls, and whale song). The maps below show the estimated distances over which a sound with the same characteristics can be transmitted, on the left when it’s made in the deeper waters of Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary off the U.S. West Coast, and on the right when it’s made in the shallow waters of Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary off the U.S. East Coast.
Sound propagation estimated in spring at 300 Hertz showing decreasing received sound levels over distance (170 to 0 decibels re 1 µPa). Credit: Tetyana Margolina, Naval Postgraduate School; Brian Stone, Axiom Data Sciences
Sound propagation estimated in spring at 300 Hertz showing decreasing received sound levels over distance (170 to 0 decibels re 1 µPa) off the West Coast of the U.S. (left, Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary) and the East Coast of the U.S. (right, Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary). Credit: Tetyana Margolina, Naval Postgraduate School; Brian Stone, Axiom Data Sciences
What are we learning?
Ever tried to identify something by touching it while your eyes were blindfolded? Or tried to enjoy food with a congested nose? Like most animals, we gather information from a variety of sources to make sense of the world around us. Rarely do we experience input from any one source in isolation. Similarly, sound is one of many ways that marine animals experience their environments, and one of many ways that we can study those environments. We gain the most understanding when we add what we hear to other ways of understanding an ecosystem.
SanctSound combines sound data with the other types of observations we make throughout the National Marine Sanctuary System in order to better understand and protect these special places. Long-term, standardized underwater sound recordings can greatly enhance what we learn from other measurement systems that aim to characterize the diversity and health of marine environments, including satellites, scuba surveys, autonomous underwater vehicles, and oceanographic research cruises.
Read more about what we’re learning in these short stories:
SanctSound is a nationally coordinated project co-led by NOAA’s Office of National Marine Sanctuaries and the U.S. Navy, and represents collaboration among a large number of people with expertise ranging from field operations to analysis to data management to communications.
Pictured left to right and top to bottom, some members of the SanctSound team include (all members’ agencies and institutions are represented by logos below): John Joseph, Jenni Stanley, Anurag Kumar, Mandy Shoemaker, Brandon Southall, Alison Stimpert, Ryan Freedman, Timothy Rowell, Andrew DeVogelaere, Leila Hatch, Simone Baumann-Pickering, Tetyana Margolina, Lindsey Peavey Reeves, Mitchell Tartt, Marc Lammers, Annamaria DeAngelis, Sofie VanParijs.
Pictured left to right and top to bottom, some members of the SanctSound team include (all members’ agencies and institutions are represented by logos below): John Joseph, Jenni Stanley, Anurag Kumar, Mandy Shoemaker, Brandon Southall, Alison Stimpert, Ryan Freedman, Timothy Rowell, Andrew DeVogelaere, Leila Hatch, Simone Baumann-Pickering, Tetyana Margolina, Lindsey Peavey Reeves, Mitchell Tartt, Marc Lammers, Annamaria DeAngelis, Sofie VanParijs.
These institutional logos represent the large team of people who support the SanctSound monitoring project’s data collection, analysis, archive, and product distribution.
The NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information manages a Passive Acoustic Data Viewer where archived SanctSound and other acoustic project data from around the country can be discovered and accessed. Credit: NOAA
Spectrograms from two SanctSound listening stations (OC02, top; OC04, bottom) in Olympic Coast National Marine Sanctuary between August 20 and September 4, 2019. Credit: SanctSound
Chart of the number of black grouper sounds recorded per day (December 2018- April 2019) at a SanctSound listening station in Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary. Credit: Timothy Rowell, NOAA
Pictured left to right and top to bottom, some members of the SanctSound team include (all members’ agencies and institutions are represented by logos below): John Joseph, Jenni Stanley, Anurag Kumar, Mandy Shoemaker, Brandon Southall, Alison Stimpert, Ryan Freedman, Timothy Rowell, Andrew DeVogelaere, Leila Hatch, Simone Baumann-Pickering, Tetyana Margolina, Lindsey Peavey Reeves, Mitchell Tartt, Marc Lammers, Annamaria DeAngelis, Sofie VanParijs.
These institutional logos represent the large team of people who support the SanctSound monitoring project’s data collection, analysis, archive, and product distribution.