The Web Atlas of Alaska Native Traditional Place Names

Introduction

In 2012, Dr. Kari and Gerad Smith began collaboratively working together to map traditional place names, and landscape relationships in the middle Susitna Valley, Alaska. Dr. Kari actively translated interviews given in the traditional Ahtna language about life in the region, and Smith mapped the places, trails, and waterways discussed.

The objective was unique in that it sought to document and reconstruct as comprehensively as possible all traditional place names within that region. Smith visited many of these places in person between 2012 and 2014.

The success of this project led to Dr. Kari and Smith's ongoing efforts to bring together all known sources of Dene Traditional place names into a singular database. The result here appears to be the largest compilation of place names with editorial standards for contiguous Indigenous languages of the same family in the world.

The purpose of this atlas is not to record and preserve Native American place names as if they were part of a dying system as assumed through outdated models of salvage anthropology. Rather, it is to participate in their ongoing use as a living cultural system through novel digital media.

This atlas is not a final product. Additions and editorial work remain ongoing.

Please cite this page as:

Smith, Gerad, and James Kari. 2023. The Web Atlas of Alaska Native Traditional Place Names. ArcGIS Storymap, published online November 15, 2023

 for methods see:

Smith, Gerad M. 2020. Ethnoarchaeology of the Middle Tanana Valley, Alaska. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.17882.98247. pp 89-113

Background

Dr. Kari has been studying Alaska Dene languages since the early 1970s. He has produced numerous reports on eleven of the twelve recognized continuous Dene languages, and compiled primary dictionaries in Dena'ina, Ahtna, and the Tanana Valley languages.

The production of this database formed the core of Dr. Smith's dissertation. In many conversations with Traditional Elders representing many disparate Native cultures of Alaska, he was always told that to understand the ancient history of Alaska from an Indigenous perspective, he must first study the place names.

The Native languages of Alaska are grouped into two large language families and two smaller, unrelated, isolated languages. The two largest are the Dene-Eyak-Łingít language family and the Inupiat–Yup'ik–Unangax̂ language family. The two additional unrelated smaller languages are Haida and Tsimshian. While Haida and Łingít exhibit shared linguistic borrowings, they are currently understood to have unrelated origins. Occasionally, Chinook place names can also be found preserved in Alaska and Yukon. Today's Dene languages are understood to have descended from an ancient common ancestral language, reconstructed as Proto-Dene.

Alaska is home to twelve closely related Indigenous Dene languages that share a common ancestral development: Ahtna, Deg Hit'an, Dena'ina, Gwich'in, Hän, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, Upper Kuskokwim, and Upper Tanana in the Interior and Southcentral regions. A thirteenth Dene language, Tsetsaut, was also recently present in southeast Alaska. Its ancient historical development was influenced by related languages in central British Columbia (Gitxsan) and, more recently, by its proximity with Łingít and Nisga'a Tsimshian. All thirteen recognized Dene languages are distantly related to the Alaskan languages of Eyak and Łingít.

Importance

Prior to 1958, the US Government claimed primary title to the Territory of Alaska. The Alaska Statehood Act of 1958 required the federal government to transfer title of almost 30% of its lands to the new State. Alaska Native activists and non-Native supporters raised awareness that transfer of title could not begin until the federal government had first settled original land claims with the Native communities. Documenting traditional knowledge, ecological relationships, and traditional place names became vitally important to that process. These place names are the result of that ongoing collaborative effort.

Alaska Native elders and traditional knowledge experts began actively working with partners in federal, state, and academic agencies to document their historic bonds with their land. An important part of this unique process was the lack of anonymity. Elders and experts insisted on their names being associated with the knowledge shared. Acknowledging primary knowledge sharers continues to be integral to ongoing Tribal, academic, and bureaucratic work.

Because traditional place names and their associated stories have had such an important role in establishing land claims, their publicized use in Alaska has been considered culturally acceptable. They are also an important tool of education, to learn the ancestral languages, bonds, ties of the first people of Alaska, and the education of non-Native persons about these ancient landscape relationships. Please be respectful of their use. Do not republish names without consultation. Do not misspell names when republishing.

This web map is one of the largest multi-lingual traditional place names datasets in the world. Some toponyms are attested in multiple languages. When this occurs, two-letter abbreviations for language source are used to signify the language each orthography belongs to:

AT: Ahtna

DH: Deg Hit’an

DN: Dena’ina

GW: Gwich’in

HN: Hän

HO: Holikachuk

KY: Koyukon or Denaakk'e

LT: Lower Tanana

MT: Middle Tanana

TC: Tanacross

TS: Tsetsaut

UK: Upper Kuskokwim

UT: Upper Tanana

One unique strength to this atlas is the standardized, editorial control given to each place name concerning spelling and translation by Dr. Kari.

Another is geolocating the places. High locational precision is attached to place names visited on a regular basis. Many places on the periphery of geolinguistic boundaries were initially only vaguely mappable. Accurately locating their landscape features increased when cross-linguistic comparisons between adjacent communities was undertaken.

Dr. Kari and Dr. Smith have visited many of these places in person. The Alaska Dene Place Names atlas currently includes over 11,000 traditional Dene place names exhibiting exceptional editorial control. Beneath it, Dr. Smith has compiled an unpublished reference dataset of over 28,000 traditional place names. This basal dataset lacks the level of review for elicitation, orthography, and translation that the atlas displays, but it remains useful for basic geospatial research and education.

To map traditional band, language, and language family territories, Dr. Smith first consulted historic and ethnographic literature. Rights to traditional ecological relationships were defined through recognizable landscape boundaries. These are commonly observed as watersheds in the arctic and subarctic. Thus, Dr. Kari has defined traditional territorial land use as Watershed Tenure, where a watershed defines a family or band's seasonal movements. Dene place names often reflect watershed tenure in shared geographic naming themes. As drawn in the maps, territorial boundaries use watersheds to define them. The language boundaries depicted are edited as additional place names research is incorporated.

From these datasets, we have identified a hypothetical region of emergence for Proto-Dene, the linguistic mother-tongue of the North American Dene language family. This is based on the geographic patterning of the oldest form of the Dene word for stream: -tu meaning water.

Use Limitation

Traditional place names are considered the intellectual property of the Descendant Communities whose members provided the original names. Spellings, orthographies, and translations are typically considered the intellectual properties of the translator/collector who originally published them.

Traditional place names should only be used with direct consultation and permission of descendant communities. Additionally, orthographies (conventional spellings) and locations may be updated occasionally, and language experts should be consulted to ensure accurate spelling and use.

Permission to use this map for non-commercial, educational purposes is granted under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 United States License. Do not cite or republish without the author's written permission. The compilers request that any amendments or additions made to this list be transmitted back to the Alaska Native Language Center so the most up-to-date and complete records of Dene place names can be maintained.

Under the provisions of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act and the National Historic Preservation Act, site location information is privileged and restricted. Note that sites containing human remains are also protected under the federal Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act and AS 11.46.482 (a) (3). Cultural resource data are not to be distributed unless authorized by Alaska Office of History and Archaeology officials and/or are Registered Professional Archaeologists or Cultural Resources Professionals who meet the Secretary of Interior Standards and Guidelines for Archaeology and Historic Preservation (48 FR 44716 as amended). Data is "Restricted-Not for Public Distribution".

The authors request that commercial, for-profit entities wish to cite or republish any place names from this database and donate to an appropriate Alaska Native foundation or community. We further request that donations be made in proportion to the number of place names used. A donation of $5 per place name for larger projects to $10 per referenced feature for smaller projects is suggested. The authors request confirmation of donations and use of the Atlas to track usage.

Alaska Native communities, entities, persons, and non-Native persons and entities directly contracted to those Alaska Native communities are considered by the authors to be released from the suggested donation request.

We further encourage all entities wishing to reproduce place names to contact Dr. Kari for a contractual review of spellings, grammar, and translations to ensure quality reproduction.

We ask that all entities remember that this database has been produced and continues to be maintained at great personal cost to Dr. Kari and Dr. Smith. It is not maintained through any State, federal, or commercial funding, such as other similar databases. It does not generate monetary salaries for the authors as funding for other open-access databases do. While the primary texts it has been derived from have occasionally received some grant funding and produce limited royalties, interlocutors/cultural experts and Descendant Communities who provided the traditional names often do not receive ongoing recompense for their continued use.

An ethical concern arises when commercial entities treat databases such as these as free research access. Such use enhances reports, articles, etc., which help pay internal salaries, bonuses, and enhance the likelihood of gaining future project awards. Without any reciprocal benefit to either the research or to the descendant communities, it can quickly become another colonized resource. We do not yet have an easy answer to this ethical dilemma, but we encourage ongoing dialogue.

If our requested donation cannot be met, please simply direct the reader to the atlas as a place names acknowledgment.

James Kari is a linguist who began working with the Dena'ina and Ahtna Alaska Dene languages in 1972, soon after finishing his doctoral dissertation: Navajo Verb Prefix Phonology, from the University of New Mexico (Curriculum & Instruction and Linguistics). He has extensively worked with the Alaska Dene languages of Dena'ina, Ahtna, Deg Hit'an, Holikachuk, Koyukon, Lower Tanana, Middle Tanana, Tanacross, and Upper Tanana. His works also include the Navajo and Babine-Witsu Wit'en Dene languages in the American southwest and Canada. Kari's work has produced orthographies standardizing spelling and translation across these languages. The standardization has greatly increased the analyzability of the Dene language family, allowing Kari to reconstruct Proto-Dene to a high standard. Proto-Dene is the hypothetical ancestral language from which all North American Dene languages are understood to have descended, forming part of today's Dene-Eyak-Łingít language family.

Gerad Smith is an archaeologist who began collaborating with Dr. Kari in 2012 to map the traditional Alaska Dene place names. Kari's orthographic work had produced extensive place name lists for many areas of Alaska. Smith consolidated these lists into a single geodatabase, displayed here. The place names were foundational to his doctoral dissertation Ethnoarchaeology of the Middle Tanana Valley, Alaska. Kari and Smith have worked extensively to verify these names' locations, spellings, and translations and promote their use.

Please cite this page as:

Smith, Gerad, and James Kari

2023 The Web Atlas of Alaska Dene Traditional Place Names. ArcGIS Storymap, published online November 15, 2023.

Methodology for developing the multilingual atlas is explained and included in:

Smith, Gerad M.

2020. Historical Linguistic and Ethno-Geographic Perspectives of the Alaska Dene. In Ethnoarchaeology of the Middle Tanana Valley, Alaska. Unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks.

  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/347483694_Ethnoarchaeology_of_the_Middle_Tanana_Valley_Alaska  

Primary Background Texts for Dr. Kari's place names:

Kari, James. 1979. Kuskokwim River Place Names. Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

Kari, James. 1983. Tanacross Place Names List (Preliminary Version). Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

Kari, James. 1997. Upper Tanana Place Names Lists and Maps. Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Copper Center.

Kari, James. 1999. Native Place Names in Denali National Park and Preserve. Draft report prepared for the National Park Service. Healy.

Kari, James. 2001. Deg Hit'an-Holikachuk Place Names. Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

Kari, James. 2011. Tanacross Place Names. Fairbanks, Alaska Native Language Archive. Pdf Ms.

Kari, James. 2013. Ahtna Place Names Lists and Maps, version 3.1. Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

Kari, James. 2015. Middle Tanana Ethnogeographic Reconstruction. Report to Tanana-Yukon Historical Society and Fort Wainwright U.S. Army, Cultural Resources Office. Fairbanks.

Kari, James. 2015. Upper Kuskokwim Dene Place Names Lists, version 3.31, February 16, 2015.

Kari, James (editor). 2018. The Geographical Research of Jules Jetté. Unpublished manuscript. Tanana Chiefs Conference and Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks.

Kari, James, and Alan Boraas (editors). 1991. A Dena’ina Legacy-K’tl’egh’I Sukdu: The Collected Writings of Peter Kalifornsky. Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

Kari, James, and James A. Fall. 2016. Shem Pete’s Alaska: The Territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Dena’ina (3rd Edition). University of Alaska Press. Fairbanks.

Kari, James, Gary Holton, Brett Parks, and Robert Charlie. 2012. Lower Tanana Athabascan Place Names. Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks.

Kari, James, and Adeline Peter Raboff. 2011. Compilation of Yukon Flats Athabascan Place Names for Stevens Village, Beaver, Birch Creek and Fort Yukon. Dena'inaq' Titaztunt and Arivahan. Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

Kari, James and Rick Thoman. 2012. Tanacross Place Names Lists. Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks.

Smith, Gerad M. 2020. Ethnoarchaeology of the Middle Tanana Valley, Alaska. Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Alaska Fairbanks, Fairbanks.

Smith, Gerad M. 2022. The Gift of the Middle Tanana: Dene Antiquity in the Alaskan Interior. Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Lanham, Maryland.

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 Kari, James. 1983. Tanacross Place Names List (Preliminary Version). Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

 Kari, James. 1997. Upper Tanana Place Names Lists and Maps. Wrangell-St. Elias National Park. Copper Center.

 Kari, James. 1999. Draft Final Report. Native Place Names in Denali National Park and Preserve. Report prepared for the National Park Service. Healy.

 Kari, James. 2001. Deg Hit'an-Holikachuk Place Names. Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

 Kari, James. 2011. Tanacross Place Names. Fairbanks, Alaska Native Language Archive. Pdf Ms.

 Kari, James. 2013. Ahtna Place Names Lists and Maps, version 3.1. Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

 Kari, James. 2015. Middle Tanana Ethnogeographic Reconstruction. Report to Tanana-Yukon Historical Society and Fort Wainwright U.S. Army, Cultural Resources Office. Fairbanks.

 Kari, James. 2015. Upper Kuskokwim Dene Place Names Lists, version 3.31, February 16, 2015. Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks.

 Kari, James (editor). 2018. The Geographical Research of Jules Jetté. Unpublished manuscript. Tanana Chiefs Conference and ANLC.

 Kari, James, and Alan Boraas (editors). 1991. A Dena’ina Legacy-K’tl’egh’I Sukdu: The Collected Writings of Peter Kalifornsky. Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

 Kari, James, and James A. Fall. 2016. Shem Pete’s Alaska: The Territory of the Upper Cook Inlet Dena’ina (3rd Edition). University of Alaska Press. Fairbanks.

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 Kari, James, Gary Holton, Brett Parks, and Robert Charlie. 2012. Lower Tanana Athabascan Place Names. Alaska Native Language Center. Fairbanks.

 Kari, James, and Adeline Peter Raboff. 2011. Compilation of Yukon Flats Athabascan Place Names for Stevens Village, Beaver, Birch Creek and Fort Yukon. Dena'inaq' Titaztunt and Arivahan. Alaska Native Language Archive. Fairbanks.

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