Crossing the borders

In her mission statement the VU University claims that International collaboration is a precondition for realizing ambitions in education and research. History proves the value of this assumption. In the early 17 ^th  century, Reformed students from Hungary and Transylvania already came to the Northern Netherlands in order to continue and finish their studies at the Dutch Universities, especially in Philosophy, Theology, and Medicine. ‘Crossing the Borders’ tells the story of this exciting period of intellectual exchange. After finishing their studies these students, the so-called Peregrini, brought home not only the academic books they published themselves (as Theses, Dissertationes, Disputationes, Carmina, etc.), but also many publications of their – non-Hungarian – fellow-students, books donated by their Dutch professors, or given by local pastors they met during their stay, as well as books directly bought from the booksellers in the bookshops. So a truly great number of books printed here in the Netherlands crossed the borders during these two centuries. Nowadays these books can be found in several libraries and archives in Hungary, Slovakia and Romania, e.g. in the National Széchényi Library (OSzK) in Budapest and in the famous Library of the Reformed Collegium (Református Kollégium) in Debrecen. Most of these books are rare, even unique, and until now hardly known and, for example, not yet registered in the Short-Title Catalogue Netherlands (STCN). It means that these libraries and archives are real treasuries for ongoing Dutch book-historical research. By crossing the borders the Peregrini connected the Reformed world in both the Netherlands and their own Hungarian homelands. A connection which became obvious for example in 1676, as the Dutch admiral De Ruyter freed 26 Reformed Hungarian pastors from the galleys at Naples (Van Poot, album Sámuel Hodosi). Until now the liberation of these so-called galley-pastors is commemorated and celebrated in Hungary every year (Debrecen). More information can be found in these publications: Réka Bozzay,  Die Peregrination ungarländischer Studenten an der Universität Leiden, 1595-1796 .(Budapest, 2009).

Ferenc Postma,  “De Hongaren en het onderwijs aan de Universiteit te Franeker” , in: It Beaken [Fryske Akademy, Leeuwarden/ Ljouwert], 72/1-2 (2010), pp. 19-54.

Calvinist translation of the Bible by Gáspár Károlyi, translation of the Book of Psalms written in verse by Albert Szenci Molnár, and the Heidelberg Catechism. The translation of the Bible agrees with the text of the edition published at Oppenheim, in 1612. The title page mentions that this edition was brought out by the Hungarian students who were studying in the Netherlands.

Calvinist translation of the New Testament by Gáspár Károlyi. It agrees with the New Testament published by Albert Szenci Molnár at Oppenheim, in 1612. This manual edition was probably edited by the same students who were studying in Holland and took part in bringing out the edition of the entire Bible one year before.

Originally neither a letter-cutter nor a typographer, as a young Reformed teacher in 1680 his Church sent him to Amsterdam to supervise the printing of the Bible. He learned the trade of printing and engraving in the Blaeu printing house, where he developed letter-cutting to artistic perfection. He received orders from all over Europe, and was even commissioned to engrave Hebrew, Greek and Armenian characters. He also produced the first printed Georgian alphabet. It is conclusively accepted (since 1954) that the popular letter-type for long widely applied in Europe and attributed to Janson was, in fact, Miklós Kis’s creation. In 1689, he wound up his flourishing workshop at Amsterdam and returned to Transsylvania in order to set up a printing house at Kolozsvár. During his stay in the Netherlands, his main ambition was to publish the Bible, a project he managed to raise the money for. Revising Károlyi’s translation, he applied Coccejus’s interpretations.  In this undertaking, the Utrecht students János Csécsi and Sámuel Kaposi Juhász were of assistance to him. In the Bible he used new characters and logical orthographic principles. Because of the latter he was accused of falsifying the text. His main aim was to give the people as many Bibles as possible at the cheapest price. Therefore, he printed the book in octavo, and later he published the New Testament and the Book of Psalms under separate cover.

György Komáromi Csipkés (Komárom, 1628 - Debrecen, 1678) studied from 1650 at Utrecht. Although a versatile writer and scholar, he had a passionate love for language and grammar. He mastered the Hebrew language to such a level that in 1654 he was able to produce a Hebrew grammar, called Schola Hebraica. His passion for languages and certainly his vocation as a minister must have motivated him to translate the full Bible again, which was published at Leiden only in 1719, a long time after his death, thanks to the efforts of professor Campegius Vitringa senior (Franeker). The further fate of Komáromi’s Bible was also rather unfortunate, as for a long time the Counter-Reformation prevented its spread.

New edition of the Bible translation by Gáspár Károlyi.

New edition of the Bible translation by Gáspár Károlyi. This 1794 edition was completed by P.F., i.e. Ferenc Pethe (1762-1832), at that moment a student of theology at Utrecht University.

This book contains also his Oratio inauguralis, held at Debrecen, August 1653 (see pp. [129]-168).

István Szatmári Ötvös’s work was published posthumous. For this exegetical work he has used the exegetical notes on the Book of Revelation in the Dutch Bible. The official Dutch translation of the Bible from the original languages was initiated by the National Synod of Dordrecht (1618-1619), and it was completed in 1637. The translation was mainly made by Johannes Bogerman, Wilhelmus Baudartius, Festus Hommius and Antonius Walaeus according to the decisions of the Synod. István Szatmári Ötvös has made acquaintance of it during his Peregrinatio in the Netherlands and he composed his translation in that time.

Sámuel Szathmárnémethi (Szatmár, 1658 - Kolozsvár, 1717) was a Reformed Professor of theology. He studied at Utrecht, Leyden and Franeker, 1680-1683. In Leyden he was a pupil of Prof. Christophorus Wittichius  (1625-1687), among many other students from Hungary, as f.e. Péter D. Felsöbányai, János Szathmári Pap and Gerson P.H. Szerencsi (see below). Later, at Franeker, he defended “publice” a series of 20 Disputationes about the “Kingdom of God”, published as a whole in 1683. In the same year he became a Professor of theology in Kolozsvár. As an exegete he wrote several commentaries on the Bible. Many of them were published in the Netherlands, f.e. in Utrecht and Franeker.

János Apácai Csere (Apáca, 1625 - Kolozsvár, 1659) was the most distinguished figure of 17 ^th  century Hungarian education and civilisation. His work is characterised by all the progressive spiritual movements of the age, including encyclopaedism, Puritanism and Cartesianism. He got his first scholarship in the Netherlands in 1648, where he studied at Franeker, Leyden and Utrecht. He was in fact the first theologiae doctor at Harderwijk University (1651). During this stay he was faced with the backwardness of Hungarian culture, which in his opinion was partly due to the lack of scientific works written in Hungarian. It is this shortcoming that the Hungarian Encyclopaedia (Utrecht, 1655) was trying to deal with. The idea of the Encyclopaedia was suggested by Bisterfeld, who believed that the interpretation of the Bible was only possible by getting familiar with the full range of sciences. Apácai’s model was Alsted’s Encyclopaedia (Herborn, 1630). As he considered the role of the mother tongue vital in obtaining knowledge, his aim was to give a Hungarian summary of the scientific knowledge of his age for educational purposes. He was very conscientious and ambitious, and used the very best scientific manuals available for this huge undertaking.

Gáspár Miskolci Csulyak (Olaszliszka, 1627 - Székelyudvarhely, 1696) has studied in Sárospatak, then from 1651 in the Netherlands, at Utrecht and Franeker. In this polemical tract Angliai independentismus (English independency) he criticises the Puritan and Presbyterian rules, that deviate from the rules in the Reformed Church. The booklet was written at Franeker, and got a positive “Judicium” of Prof. Nicolaus Arnoldus (dated May 13, 1654). István Telkibányai’s reply was ready right away, because he was not of the same opinion. In his polemical tract Angliai puritanismus (English Puritanism) he expressed his Puritan attitude.

István Telkibányai P. (17. century) studied from 1646 in Sárospatak and Debrecen, then from 1652 till 1656 he continued his education in the Netherlands, at Groningen and Franeker. At Franeker he has translated William Bradshaw’s (William Bradshaw, 1571-1618) English Puritanism from Ames’s (William Ames, 1576-1633) Latin version. In this work the author expressed his view on Puritanism concerning the Reformed Church and ecclesiastical jurisdiction. A few years later (1662) it was also translated by György Komáromi Csipkés (RMK I. 988. = RMNY 3025).

In 1682 Wittichius published his book Causa Spiritus Sancti victrix demonstrata, in fact a collection of several Disputationes, however without mentioning of the names of all the students/ respondents involved. It makes clear that the main-texts of these Disputationes were all written by Wittichius himself. No numbered item from the whole series is recorded now in the STCN. In 1686 the text of this book was translated into Dutch, and published in the second part of Wittichius’s Godgeleerde oeffeningen: “De saake des Heiligen Geestes overwinnaresse”, pp. [113]-274, [2].

Already in July 1680 started Wittichius a series of Disputationes, by which he demonstrated  - and defended - strongly the divine nature of the Holy Spirit. After one year he completed this series of (probably) 20 - numbered - items. At least four Disputationes were defended by Hungarian students, i.c. the Number 11 (by Sámuel Szathmárnémethi), 12 (by Péter D. Felsöbányai), 13 (by János Szathmári Pap) and 17 (by Gerson P.H. Szerencsi), all in 1681.

Sámuel Köleséri junior (Szendrő, 1663 - Nagyszeben, 1732) went to the Netherlands for his studies several times. He was made doctor of philosophy at Leyden in 1681, and doctor of theology at Franeker in 1684. In 1685 he was in Leyden again in order to conduct his medical studies. On his return, he became a central figure in the scientific and public life of Transsylvania. He was a very prolific and versatile writer.

Pál Medgyesi (Aranyosmedgyes, 1605? - c. 1663) studied at Bártfa, Debrecen, Frankfurt/Oder, Leyden and Cambridge. His Praxis pietatis is a Hungarian translation of Lewis Bayly’s devotional manual The Practice of Piety, published in London, 1611/12. Pál Medgyesi translated the first two chapters into Hungarian during his studies at Cambridge, in 1630. He accomplished the translation of the entire work in 1635. It was first published at Debrecen, 1636 (RMK I. 657). Afterwards it was republished many times, but not at Debrecen. This fifth edition (RMK I. 751) was edited by Medgyesi himself. The marginal biblical passages were enlarged and an ornamental copperplate title page was added. See the collected papers of a conference about The Practise of Piety at the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, November 21, 2009: De Praktijk der Godzaligheid (Amstelveen, 2009), edited by W.J. op ‘t Hof, A.A. den Hollander and F.W. Huisman.

Miklós Szoboszlai (? - Debrecen, 1655) studied from 1640 in Debrecen, then from 1643 continued his education at Franeker, Utrecht and Deventer. The work Az szent Davidnak öt követskei is a Hungarian translation of Hendrik van Diest’s theological work Funda Davidis instructa quinque laevibus lapidibus published at Deventer, 1646. It contains the basic principles of the Reformed religion written in question-and-answer form to help the less educated followers of the Reformed Church in everyday religious debates. Ten years later (1658) it was also translated by Balázs Uzoni, and a few years later (1661) by Péter Udvarhelyi.

Péter Udvarhelyi (? - 1661), translator of Calvinist polemical treatise. Hendrik van Diest’s polemical tract Funda Davidis instructa quinque laevibus lapidibus was a very popular work in Hungary. The translator mentions in his foreword that it has already been translated by Miklós Szoboszlai in 1648, then by Balázs Uzoni in 1658, but as both editions were out of print, he had decided to translate and to publish it again.

See the article about Diestius and his students from Hungary - by Ferenc Postma and Péter Eredics in the Festschrift for Judit Vásárhelyi (Budapest, 2010), pp. 71-89.

William Perkins (1558-1602) was a English Puritanist and theological writer. He influenced Gisbertus Voetius (1589-1676) and numerous Dutch Nadere Reformatie (Further Reformation) theologians. According to Voetius’s Approbatio, the book The whole treatise of the cases of conscience, published at Cambridge in 1608, was translated by his Hungarian students: "a piis aliquot viris in Linguam  Hungaricam coep[t]us transfundi”.

István Szokolyai Anderko (1620/21 - ?) was a religious writer in the Reformed Church and preacher. He studied in Debrecen, and then from 1646 till 1648 he continued his studies in the Netherlands, at Franeker, Groningen and Leyden, where both of his works were published. Both works are Hungarian translations of prayers and contemplations originally written in “Belgian”. The Sérelmes lelkeket gyógyétó balsamom according to the Dedication is a Hungarian translation of a work of Dionysius Spranckhuysen. The English original is identified by Péter Eredics. It is Robert Linaker’s A Confortable treatise for the reliefe, published at London, in 1607.

The A Szent Bibliának ó testamentomi könyveiböl eggybe-szedegettetet áhitatos könyörgések contains XXVII prayers, each composed from the books of the Old Testament. The prayers are followed by the corresponding verses from the Old Testament. In 1669 both translations were published again at Sárospatak, cf. RMNY 3593

See the dissertation of Péter Eredics,  Ungarische Studenten und ihre Übersetzungen aus dem Niederländischen ins Ungarische in der Frühen Neuzeit  (Frankfurt/ Main, 2008).

Very little is known about the translator Mihály Felsőbányai (17th century). What is known about him is that he has studied at Utrecht, where he in 1651 has published this Hungarian translation about Calvinist moral principles and contemplation. The translation is made from English according to the title page, but the original work is still not identified.

János Bökényi Filep (Tiszabökény, c. 1625 - ?) has studied in Debrecen, and then from 1650 he continued his education in the  Netherlands, first at Franeker, then at Utrecht. This translation (“Heavenly lamp”) is made from English according to the title page, but the original is not mentioned. Thomas Potts is supposed to be the author of the English work.

Campegius Vitringa senior was for a long period a Professor of theology at the University in Franeker (1681-1722). During that time he had many students from Hungary and Transsylvania, as f.e. Sámuel Köleséri Junior, Pál Debreceni Ember, Mihály T. Csepregi, György P. Bátai, István Zentelki, István Helmeczi, István Ványai and Gergely Nagymihályi. Many of his works were re-issued and translated, even into Hungarian. Especially this work of Vitringa (1716) was translated into many languages, f.e. into Dutch, German and French. Just before he died, in 1722, also a Hungarian translation was published in Frankfurt/ Oder: “Lelki élet … “. This translation was completed by Ferenc Marosvásárhelyi Baba (Marosvásárhely, ? - Pápa, 1740), see Petrik  I. 377. The Latin copy presented here belonged once to the Transsylvanian student Georgius P. Szathmári, who obtained  the book during his stay at Franeker, in 1717 (see the annotation at the title page).

See about Vitringa’s Hungarian students István Ványai (1714) and Gergely Nagymihályi (1718) the articles by Ferenc Postma, in: Magyar Könyvszemle,  122/3 (2006), pp. 362-365 , and idem,  123/4 (2007), pp. 498-503 .

This is a rather late Hungarian translation of Friedrich Adolf Lampe’s book Balsam aus Gilead wider ansteckende Seuchen (Bremen, 1713). István Bányai (1711-1767) studied in Sárospatak, and continued his studies in the Netherlands, from 1740 till 1743 (Franeker, Leyden). During his time in Franeker he made his translation of Lampe’s book (from German). The translation was published at the expenses of the Frisian authorities. Later (1744) he became a Professor at the Reformed Collegium at Sárospatak.

See the articles about Bányai’s stay in the Netherlands and his translation by Ferenc Postma and Réka Bozzay in:  Sárospataki Füzetek [Sárospatak], 2009/3, pp. [122]-144 and pp. 145-166 .

János Mikolai Hegedüs (Mikola, 1617 - Nagytornya, 1667) was a religious writer in the Reformed Church and preacher. From 1645 he studied at Franeker, and then from 1647 he continued his education at Utrecht, where he has published a series of works. All of these works were a part of a religious and cultural programme according to Puritanism to support the education. He considered that for spreading the instructions in the mother-tongue the founding of printing houses, paper mills, and colleges/ schools is fundamental. This work contains the basic principles of the Reformed religion written in question-and-answer form. The answers are formulated with quotations taken from the Bible, therefore is the title Biblia tanui (The witnesses of the Bible). The original work is still not identified.

Calvinist Catechism. In the series of publications according to Puritanism. This is again a translation, but the original of this work is unknown.

Mikolai’s Hungarian translation of Alexander Grosse’s work A Fiery Pillar of Heavenly Truth (London, 1641), composed by way of Catechism. He mentions in the Approbatio that his translation of this work agrees with the opinion of Voetius, Dematius (Carolus de Maets) and Hoorenbekk (Johannes Hoornbeeck).

Calvinist treatise about the principles of the spiritual exercises of Puritanism. It is a translation, but the original work is still not identified. 

According to the introduction for this Hungarian translation of the Heidelberg Catechism a Latin edition of it, published at Leyden and enlarged by commentaries of professors of the Leyden University, has served as a basis. The Hungarian translation of the Heidelberg Catechism was made by the students, who were studying in Holland at that time, as f.e. by János Apácai Csere, György Komáromi Csipkés, and also by István Szathmári Ötvös. Later on - until 1870 - this edition served as a model for Hungarian Catechism editions. István Szathmári Ötvös (Szatmár ?, c. 1630 - Kocs, 1665) studied in the Netherlands from 1649, first at Franeker, then at Utrecht. He has translated the “Belgian Confession of Faith” (Confessio Belgica). It had been composed in 1561. It is often called the Belgian Confession because it was written in the Southern Netherlands, now known as Belgium. Its chief author was Guido de Brès (1522-1567), one of the several itinerant preachers during those days of persecution, who died a martyr’s death. This Confession was written primarily as an apology to the Spanish king (Philip II of Spain) to prove that the Reformed believers were not rebels, as was charged, but law-abiding citizens who professed only those doctrines which were the true teachings of the Holy Scripture. It is the only Hungarian translation of this work. It is very likely, that Jacobus Revius’s Latin edition, published at Leyden in 1623, served as a basis for it.

A new Latin edition of the Heidelberg Catechism first published at Amsterdam, in 1650.

György Buzinkai (Nagybánya, 1700? - Debrecen, 1768) studied in Marosvásárhely, then from 1729 in Bremen, and later in the period of 1730-1733 he continued his studies in the Netherlands, at Leyden, Franeker and Amsterdam. As a doctor of medicine (Franeker, 1733) Buzinkai has written medical works and also gratulatory poems, and he has translated sermons from Dutch into Hungarian. According to the Preface he had translated these sermons into Hungarian at professor Hieronymus Simons van Alphen’s request and the booklet was printed in Amsterdam, in 1735. In 1741 a new edition was published, again in the printing house of Hendrik Smets.

From 1717 Zsigmond Borosnyai Nagy (Vízakna, 1704 - Nagyenyed, 1774) studied in Nagyenyed, then from 1730 at Frankfurt/ Oder, and later he continued his studies in the Netherlands (Leyden, Franeker, and Utrecht). He visited also Groningen and Harderwijk, and later on England. During his time in Holland he defended at least seven Disputationes, the last one for obtaining the degree of theologiae doctor at Utrecht University (1736). He was a close friend of Buzinkai. Borosnyai’s book Az igaz keresztyén embernek papi tisztiről - written when he was already a doctor of theology - is one of the basic works of Protestant liturgy theory, that deals with the principles and rules of the prayer. As a follower of the ideas of Puritanism he has suggested the practicing of the so-called home worship.

János Nadányi (Körös-Nadány, 1642 - Nagybajom, 1707) conducted his studies at Utrecht, Franeker and Leyden, 1656-1662. Besides his academic theses and treatises, his historical works were also published in the Netherlands. The Florus Hungaricus (Amsterdam, 1663) is a summary of Hungarian history from the earliest times to the era of Emperor Leopold I. At the frontispiece we see the Hungarian kings, and the beautiful “Corona Hungariae”. In 2001 a Hungarian translation (with annotations) was published at Debrecen: “A Magyar Florus”. Another general history of Hungary was also published earlier in the Netherlands, in the series of “Elzevir Respublicae”, in 1634 at Leiden.

In the spring of 1674 the martial court of Pozsony (Pressburg) instituted legal proceedings against Protestant ministers, as a result of which thirty were first sentenced to imprisonment in a castle, then sent to the galleys. 26 Galley-slave preachers were liberated by the Dutch Admiral De Ruyter on 11 ^th  February, 1676. Since, the galley-slaves’s story has inspired a series of works. In Sámuel Hodosi’s album we find a series of interesting pen-and-ink sketches. It relates in pictures the imprisonment of the preachers, selling them to be galley-slaves and their ultimate liberation, which must have been drawn during Hodosi’s stay at Utrecht (1678). The sketcher’s identity is unknown, but the content of his sketches is in line with the descriptions and pictures known across Europe.

About “Michiel de Ruyter and Hungary” see the collected papers of a conference about this topic, held at Debrecen (2007), in:  Acta Neerlandica. Bijdragen tot de Neerlandistiek  (Debrecen: Néderlandisztika Tanszék), 8 (2011).

Ferenc Otrokocsi Fóris (Otrokócs, 1648 - Nagyszombat, 1718) is connected to the Netherlands at several stages of his life and through a number of contacts. From 1671 till 1673 he was a student at Utrecht University. He was one of the Protestant pastors condemned to the galleys in 1674 by the martial courts of the Counter-Reformation. Holland played a major part in the fight for their liberation. Otrokocsi’s letters of appeal for the galley-slaved preachers were addressed to his Utrecht professors, namely to Franciscus Burmannus (Professor of theology and ecclesiastical history) and to Johannes Leusden (Professor of Hebrew and Greek at Utrecht University). After the liberation of the preachers (1676), he paid several further visits to Utrecht, and in 1690-1693 he conducted research at Franeker, a product of which is his Origines Hungaricae (Franeker, 1693), an analysis of the origin of the Hungarians and their language.

Pál Debreceni Ember (Debrecen, 1660/61 - Olaszliszka, 1710) was a student from Debrecen, and continued his studies in the Netherlands, at Leyden (1684) and Franeker (1685). Later he was an ordained minister and reformed bishop in Debrecen. The manuscript of his “Hungarian Reformed Church History” was published after his death by Prof. F.A. Lampe, Utrecht 1728. In 2009 a full Hungarian translation (with full indices) was published at Sárospatak: “A magyarországi és erdélyi Református Egyház története”.

The Transsylvanian pastor Petrus Bod (Felsőcsernáton, 1712 - Magyarigen, 1769)had already in 1756 sent his manuscript to Prof. Johannes van den Honert at Leyden. After Van den Honert died, the manuscript came into the possession of Prof. Daniël Gerdes at Groningen. Thanks to the efforts of Count Sámuel Teleki  (1739-1822) some parts of the manuscript were published by Gerdes in his Scrinium antiquarium, in 1762 and 1763 respectively. The complete edition of Bod’s manuscript was executed only in 1888-1890 at Leyden, in three volumes, under supervision of Prof. L.W.E. Rauwenhoff. See the article “Frustula Telekiana” by Ferenc Postma, in the Jubilee volume of the Teleki Library (Marosvásárhely, 2002), pp. 215-230.

From 1627 Hendrik van Diest (1595-1673) was a Professor of theology and Hebrew at Harderwijk, and from 1639 until his death at Deventer. The first edition of his collected sermons Praxeos sacrae specimen was published at Harderwijk, in 1637 (no copy recorded now in the STCN). This collection of sermons could be divided into three parts. The first part contains 21 sermons of penitence, the second part 18 funeral sermons, and the third part 9 miscellaneous sermons. His Oratio inauguralis (“De spirituali piscatura”, held at Harderwijk, 1627) is also inserted (see pp. 547-558). It was “republished” in a print of Ábrahám Szenci Kertész at Nagyvárad.

Abraham Danielsz. Eilshemius (? - 1649) was a Calvinist preacher in Friesland, f.e. at Beetgum and Engelum. Finally he served as a pastor at Soest. His work Decem conciones, seu spirituales piae animae deliciae was first published at Leeuwarden, in 1645. It was the basis for the Várad “reprint”. No copy of the original work from 1645 is recorded in the STCN now.

Melchioris’s theological handbook was re-issued many times. In 1689, f.e., it was published at Franeker, and still in 1751 a Dutch translation followed: Sjoresj dabar, dat is De wortel der zaeke of eerste gronden der onderwyzende godgeleerdheid (Amsterdam, 1751). N.B.: This copy belonged once to György Haiman, see his book “Nicholas Kis. A Hungarian Punch-Cutter and Printer, 1650-1702” (Budapest, 1983), p. 400 (Nr. 89a).

The first edition of his Hebrew grammar was published by Schultens at Leyden, 1737. The book-printer, Sándor Szathmári Pap, was a student at Franeker and Utrecht, 1727-1729. N.B.: This copy belonged once to Miklós Jankovich (1773-1846), who donated his bookcollection to the Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum (now the National Széchényi Library, Budapest).

István Páldi (1717-1769) became the book-printer of the Reformed Collegium at Kolozsvár in 1755. Before, he spent a rather long time in the Netherlands (Leyden, Utrecht). In 1748 he was a learning fellow at Utrecht, where he designed, f.e., a beautiful vignette for the edition of Relandus’s collected Poemata.

In 1772 Páldi’s successor printed a new edition of the Hebrew grammar of Prof. Nic. Schroeder:

The first edition of his Hebrew grammar was published by Schroeder at Groningen, 1766. See about these Hebrew grammars the article “Hebräische Grammatiken in Ungarn und Siebenbürgen” by Ferenc Postma, in:  Studia Rosenthaliana, 28/2 (1994), pp. 177-189 .