Live from the Frontline

8 Neighborhoods Linked by the Long History of Logistics in the Inland Empire

Citrus State Historic Park

This site in Riverside's Arlington Heights draws attention to the colonial roots of environmental racism in the I.E. The Park occupies the ancestral and current homelands of the Iviatem (Cahuilla), Tóngva (Gabrielino), Payómkawichum (Luiseño), and Maara'yam (Serrano) peoples. Settlers in the 18th and 19th century displaced Indigenous people. Single-crop agriculture transformed the landscape. By looking closely at this area, we can identify impacts of our many centuries of exploiting people and land, or the "slow violence" of the supply chain.

Cahuilla people established settlements in proximity to wage labor in the 1880s as they fought to retain their land against settlers.  This Cahuilla village at Spring Rancheria was near Riverside's Fairmont Park and the Santa Ana River.


Eastside Riverside

Most Californians know that our area was renowned as the Citrus Empire. But how do we memorialize its history of labor and community building? All that remains of the once-booming citrus industrial corridor along Pachappa Ave. (Commerce Ave. now) are dilapidated 19th-century warehouses, a loading dock, and abandoned railroad tracks. What lessons can we learn from these predecessors to today’s logistics?

Pachappa Ave (now Commerce) with Southern Pacific and Santa Fe rail lines, packinghouses, and the Santa Fe Station in view, 1968. Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress.


South Colton

1904 Panorama of Colton with Mt. Slover in distance. Courtesy USGS & Frank Acosta.

San Bernardino Sun, November 11, 1915


Fontana

1944 promotional image for Kaiser Steel asserting that blast furnaces and mill operations would integrate into the agricultural landscape.


Mira Loma

Mira Loma was first in the region to convert agricultural land to large-scale logistics, beginning with WWII efforts to supply troops and the newly opened Manzanar concentration camp. Amazon now occupies the site of the 1942 U.S. Army Supply Depot, marking the continued expansion of logistics to the present day. 

1960 aerial showing 9 huge U.S. Army Quartermaster Supply Depot warehouses built in 1942. The Depot included a mini-city with its own clinic, barber shop, and rec center. In 1956, the 101-house Mira Loma Village was built next door. Remaining vineyards are adjacent. UCSB Library Air Photos Collection.


Westside San Bernardino

1959 aerial view of Westside San Bernardino after construction of 215 Freeway (Santa Fe Railyard at bottom) Flight AXL_1959, Frame 16W-21 Courtesy of UCSB Library Geospatial Collection


Valley Truck Farms, San Bernardino

George Saville (standing in hat, center image) visiting new home of Vera White (left and right images) on Central Ave, Valley Truck Farms 1934.


Bloomington

The unincorporated community of Bloomington was a haven for many Latino families seeking to escape urban cities for rural and equestrian tranquility. Now hundreds of acres of residential and rural land is transforming into concrete slabs of warehousing.

Produced by Jennifer Tilton, Audrey Maier & Catherine Gudis, historians who lead A People's History of the I.E. & the Live From the Frontline Project

Live from the Frontline is a participatory public memory project that brings artists into the archives and the landscapes of logistics to explore the roots of environmental racism in Riverside and San Bernardino. Each site makes palpable long histories of colonialism and extraction from the land and labor. Together they reveal what the curators call “the slow violence of the supply chain.” Artists have created site-specific works that connect past and present and support advocacy for social justice.

Warehouse & Pollution Maps

Warehouse CITY Data Layers - Created by Mike McCarthy, Radical Research LLC in collaboration with Redford Conservancy Inspired by Graham Brady and Professor Susan Phillips at Pitzer College.  https://radicalresearch.shinyapps.io/WarehouseCITY/ 

Pollution Data from Warehouse CITY

The CalEnviroScreen overlay provides a color-coded overlay of census tracts and their associated pollution burden percentile score. These scores are based on the  CalEnviroScreen4.0 methodology . Darker colors indicate higher impact of pollution and socioeconomic disadvantage. Mousing over census tracts displays the census tract number, population, and percentile score (0-100). Full details on this layer are in the  CalEnviroScreen4.0 methodology .

Historic Race Maps

Tilton, Jennifer, Lisa Benvenuti & Tessa VanRy. Mapping Race in the IE 1900-2020 A People's History of the Inland Empire Census Project using IPUMS Data. Program in Race and Ethnic Studies University of Redlands, Center for Spatial Studies University of Redlands, UCR Public History. 2024.  https://services.arcgis.com/o6oETlrWetREI1A2/arcgis/rest/services/IE_ED1900_2020_RaceHispanic/FeatureServer 

Citrus Park Riverside Labor Camps

Tilton, Jennifer, Cathy Gudis, Audrey Maier & UofR Spatial Studies et.al. People’s History of IE Archive Map (Points layer, Area layer, Line Area). Center for Spatial Studies University of Redlands, Program in Race and Ethnic Studies University of Redlands, UCR Public History. 2023.

Colton Hill of Ravens Mt Slover Slider Left Image

Howard Kelly Colton Plant, Riverside Portland Cement Co., Mt. Slover, 1954, Courtesy Kelly-Holiday Mid-Century Aerial Collection, Los Angeles Public Library.

Colton Hill of Ravens Today Right Image

Image from ESRI Google Imagery Base Map

Colton Historic Labor Force Map

Tilton, Jennifer, Tessa VanRy & Lisa Benvenuti. Industry Labor Force Employment & Income Data 1900-1940. A People's History of the Inland Empire Census Project 1900-1940 using IPUMS Ancestry Full Count Data. Program in Race and Ethnic Studies University of Redlands, Center for Spatial Studies University of Redlands, UCR Public History. 2023.  https://services.arcgis.com/o6oETlrWetREI1A2/arcgis/rest/services/IE_ED1900_2020_RaceHispanic/FeatureServer 

Historic Topo Maps

USGS Historic Topo Maps, ESRI Historic Topo Map Viewer

Valley Truck Farms 1938 Aerial Map

USDA (1938-05-27 - 1938-10-17) Courtesy of Historic Aerials  https://www.historicaerials.com/ 

Valley Truck Farms 1963 Aerial Map

Geospatial map produced by Lisa Benvenuti with Images from Flight# Universe-101, Frame #109 & 110, April 16, 1963, Courtesy of UCSB Library Geospatial Collection

Valley Truck Farms 1985 Aerial Map

USDA NHAP84 (1985-02-24 - 1985-09-02) Courtesy of Historic Aerials  https://www.historicaerials.com/ 

Cahuilla people established settlements in proximity to wage labor in the 1880s as they fought to retain their land against settlers.  This Cahuilla village at Spring Rancheria was near Riverside's Fairmont Park and the Santa Ana River.

Pachappa Ave (now Commerce) with Southern Pacific and Santa Fe rail lines, packinghouses, and the Santa Fe Station in view, 1968. Historic American Engineering Record, Library of Congress.

1904 Panorama of Colton with Mt. Slover in distance. Courtesy USGS & Frank Acosta.

San Bernardino Sun, November 11, 1915

1944 promotional image for Kaiser Steel asserting that blast furnaces and mill operations would integrate into the agricultural landscape.

1960 aerial showing 9 huge U.S. Army Quartermaster Supply Depot warehouses built in 1942. The Depot included a mini-city with its own clinic, barber shop, and rec center. In 1956, the 101-house Mira Loma Village was built next door. Remaining vineyards are adjacent. UCSB Library Air Photos Collection.

1959 aerial view of Westside San Bernardino after construction of 215 Freeway (Santa Fe Railyard at bottom) Flight AXL_1959, Frame 16W-21 Courtesy of UCSB Library Geospatial Collection