Map Projections in ArcGIS
Gallery of seventy-two map projections currently supported in ArcGIS Pro 3.0, ArcGIS Enterprise 11.0 and ArcGIS Desktop 10.8.2.
Gallery of seventy-two map projections currently supported in ArcGIS Pro 3.0, ArcGIS Enterprise 11.0 and ArcGIS Desktop 10.8.2.
ArcGIS Pro 3.0, ArcGIS Enterprise 11.0 and ArcGIS Desktop 10.8.2 currently support seventy-two unique map projection algorithms and there are another thirty-four variations of these available in Esri's software. All together there are hundred and six different map projections you can select for your map.
The Adams square II shows the world in a square. It is one of the two projections presented by Oscar S. Adams in 1925. The projection is conformal except in the four corners of the square. In Adams’s original design, the projection displays the equator and central meridian as diagonals of the square. A nice property of this projection is that it can be tessellated or mosaicked. This or similar projection was used by Athelstan Spilhaus in 1979, with the help of Robert Hanson and Ervin Schmid, for his world ocean map (right map). Equations for an ellipsoid of revolution were developed at Esri. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.5 (ArcGIS 10.8) and later.
The Adams square II projection in normal aspect (left map) and with Spilhaus’ configuration (right map).
The Aitoff projection is a modified azimuthal projection. It is a compromise projection and its graticule takes the form of an ellipse. The projection is appropriate for small-scale mapping of the world. It was developed by Russian cartographer David A. Aitoff in 1889. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
Aitoff map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Albers projection is an equal-area conic projection. It uses two standard parallels to reduce some of the distortion that would be found in a projection with one standard parallel. The projection is best suited for land masses extending in an east-to-west orientation at mid-latitudes. Therefore, it is often used for maps of the contiguous United States, Europe, Australia, etc. The projection was introduced by Heinrich C. Albers in 1805. Ellipsoidal equations were developed by Oscar S. Adams in 1927. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
Albers map projection with standard parallels on the northern (left map) and southern (right map) hemisphere.
The aspect-adaptive cylindrical projection is a compromise map projection that adjusts the parallels to the height-to-width (aspect) ratio of an available canvas. It supports any ratio between 0.3 and 1. The projection was developed by Bernhard Jenny, Bojan Šavrič, and Tom Patterson in 2014. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.1 (ArcGIS 10.6) and later.
Aspect-adaptive projection with aspect ratios 0.55 (left map) and 0.7 (right map) centered on Greenwich.
The azimuthal equidistant projection preserves both distance and direction from the central point. The world is projected onto a flat surface from any point on the globe. Although all aspects are possible (equatorial, polar, and oblique), the one used most commonly is the polar aspect, in which all meridians and parallels are divided equally to maintain the equidistant property. It is believed that the projection was first used by Egyptians for star charts. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The azimuthal equidistant projection centered on the North pole.
The Behrmann projection is a case of the cylindrical equal-area map projection with standard parallels set at 30° North and South. Due to its equal-area property, it highly compresses polar regions. The projection was introduced by Walter Behrmann in 1910. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Behrmann map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Berghaus star projection uses the azimuthal equidistant projection for the central hemisphere. The other half of the world is split into five triangular pieces, forming a star around the circular center. Usually centered at the North Pole, it can minimize breaks in land masses. The Association of American Geographers (AAG) incorporated a version of the Berghaus star projection into the logo in 1911. The projection was developed by Hermann Berghaus in 1879. Equations for an ellipsoid of revolution were developed at Esri. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 10.0) and later.
The Berghaus star projection with parameters set to match the look of the AAG logo.
The Bonne is an equal-area pseudoconic map projection. Its graticule takes a form of a heart and it was frequently used to map continents. The projection was invented by Claudius Ptolemy about A.D. 100, but it was named after Rigobert Bonne who extensively used the projection in 1752. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
Bonne equal-area map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Cassini is a transverse cylindrical equidistant projection. The projection maintains scale along the central meridian and all lines perpendicular to it. Cassini is analogous to the Plate Carrée projection in the same way the transverse Mercator is to the Mercator projection. The projection was developed by César-François Cassini de Thury in 1745. More accurate equations for an ellipsoid of revolution were developed later by Johann G. von Soldner in 1810. Therefore, the projection is also known as Cassini-Soldner. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
Cassini transverse cylindrical equidistant map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Compact Miller projection is a compromise cylindrical map projection. It compresses polar areas in comparison to the Miller cylindrical projection. The Compact Miller is a special case of the aspect-adaptive cylindrical projection with the height-to-width (aspect) ratio of 0.6. The projection was introduced by Bernhard Jenny, Bojan Šavrič, and Tom Patterson in 2014. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.
The Compact Miller map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Craster parabolic is an equal-area pseudocylindrical projection for world maps. Projection is similar to sinusoidal projection except a meridian follows a section of a parabolic curve. Lateral meridians quite excessively bulge outwards, producing considerable shape distortion at and near the map outline. It was presented by John Evelyn Edmund Craster in 1929. It was independently developed by Reinholds V. Putniņš in 1934, therefore it is also known as Putniņš P4 projection. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and later.
The Craster parabolic equal-area projection centered on Greenwich.
The Cube is a faceted projection consisting of six square sides, one for each pole and four along the equator centered at 135°and 45° West, 45° and 135° East meridians. It can be folded into a cube. Areas between 45° North and 45° South are projected with the Plate Carrée projection. The projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 9.0) and later.
The Cube map projection can be folded into a cube.
The cylindrical equal-area is a projection presenting the world in a rectangle and maintaining the relative areas on a map. The projection was first described by the Swiss mathematician Johann H. Lambert in 1772. Since then, many variations appeared over the years. The projection is appropriate for large-scale mapping of the areas near the equator and generally not recommended for small-scale (world) maps. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The cylindrical equal-area map projection centered on Greenwich.
The double stereographic is a planar perspective projection, viewed from the point on the globe opposite the point of tangency. Points are transformed from the spheroid to a Gaussian conformal sphere before being projected to the plane with the stereographic projection. Projection is conformal and used for large-scale coordinate systems in New Brunswick and the Netherlands. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0.1) and later.
The double stereographic map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Eckert I is a compromise pseudocylindrical map projection with rectilinear meridians and odd appearance. Projection is simple, but it has no practical use besides making a world map with an unusual shape. Projection was introduced by Max Eckert in 1906. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Eckert I compromise projection centered on Greenwich.
The Eckert II is an equal-area pseudocylindrical map projection with rectilinear meridians and odd appearance. Projection has no practical use besides making thematic world map with unusual shape. Projection was introduced by Max Eckert in 1906. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Eckert II equal-area projection centered on Greenwich.
The Eckert III is a compromise pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. The lateral meridians are semicircles which give the projection a nice rounded shape and smooth corners where the lateral meridians meet the pole lines. Projection was introduced by Max Eckert in 1906. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
Eckert III compromise map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Eckert IV is an equal-area pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. The lateral meridians are semicircles which give the projection a nice rounded shape and smooth corners where the lateral meridians meet the pole lines. Projection is very commonly used for thematic and other world maps requiring accurate areas. It was introduced by Max Eckert in 1906 and it is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
Eckert IV equal-area map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Eckert V is a compromise pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. It is the arithmetic mean of projected coordinates of the Plate Carrée and sinusoidal projections. Meridians are sinusoidal curves, producing undesirable bulging along the equator on the western and eastern edges of the map. Projection was introduced by Max Eckert in 1906. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
Eckert V compromise map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Eckert VI is an equal-area pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. Meridians are sinusoidal curves, producing undesirable bulging along the equator on the western and eastern edges of the map. The projection was introduced by Max Eckert in 1906, who preferred this projection over the more popular Eckert IV . It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
Eckert VI equal-area map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Eckert-Greifendorff projection is a modification of the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection. Projection appears to have straight parallels, but they are actually slightly curved. Boundary meridians quite excessively bulge outwards, producing considerable shape distortion near the map outline. Projection was introduced by Max Eckert (at time of its publication known as Max Eckert-Greifendorff) in 1935. Equations for an ellipsoid of revolution were developed at Esri. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.
The Eckert-Greifendorff map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Equal Earth is an equal-area pseudocylindrical projection for world maps. It has a pleasing appearance of the land features and its shape is similar to the Robinson projection. The projection was jointly developed by Tom Patterson, Bernhard Jenny and Bojan Šavrič in 2018, and it was quickly adopted by the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS). It is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.3 (ArcGIS 10.7) and later.
The Equal Earth map projection centered on Greenwich.
The equidistant or simple conic projection preserves distances along all meridians and two standard parallels. Projection often serves as compromise between Lambert conformal conic and Albers equal-area conic projections. It is best suited for land masses extending in an east-to-west orientation at mid-latitudes when area, directions, and angles do not need to be maintained. The basic projection form was first described by Claudius Ptolemy about A.D. 100 and various improvements were made over time, the biggest by Nicolas de l’Isle in 1745. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The equidistant or simple conic projection with standard parallels on the northern (left map) and southern (right map) hemisphere.
The equidistant cylindrical is also known as equirectangular, simple cylindrical, rectangular, or when the standard parallel is the equator, Plate Carrée map projection. A grid of parallels and meridians forms equal rectangles from east to west and from pole to pole. It is one of the simplest cylindrical projections and therefore its usage was more common in the past. The equidistant cylindrical projection was invented by Marinus of Tyre about A.D. 100. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The equidistant cylindrical map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Fuller projection, also known as Dymaxion map, converts the globe into a 20-sided figure called an icosahedron. Each side is a geodesic triangle that is then flattened into a two-dimensional triangle. The facets of the icosahedron are unfolded in a specific manner to keep the land masses unbroken. The final version was described by Buckminster Fuller in 1954 after working on the map for several decades. For more information, refer to the Buckminster Fuller Institute website at bfi.org . The projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 9.0) and later.
The Fuller map projection can be folded into an icosahedron.
The Gall stereographic projection is a cylindrical map projection with two standard parallels at latitudes 45° north and south. The projection is a special case of the perspective cylindrical projection with the perspective ratio of 1 and the standard parallel at 45°. It can be constructed geometrically by projecting the globe onto a secant cylinder from the point on the equator opposite the given central meridian. The projection was introduced by James Gall in 1855. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Gall stereographic projection centered on Greenwich.
The Gauss–Krüger projection is also known as ellipsoidal version of the transverse Mercator projection. It is similar to the Mercator , except that the cylinder touches the sphere or ellipsoid along a meridian instead of the equator. The result is a conformal projection that does not maintain true directions. The central meridian is placed in the center of the region of interest. This centering minimizes distortion of all properties in that region. This projection is best suited for north–south areas. The spherical version of the projection was presented by Johann H. Lambert in 1772. First formulas with ellipsoidal correction were developed by Carl F. Gauss in 1822. The Gauss–Krüger name refers to the ellipsoidal form reevaluated by Louis Krüger in 1912. Gauss–Krüger coordinate systems and the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate systems are based on this projection while the State Plane coordinate systems use it only for all north–south zones. Various countries use this projection for their topographic maps and large-scale coordinate systems. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Gauss–Krüger map projection centered on Greenwich.
This projection is used by geostationary satellites that are returning data located by satellite’s scanning angles. Two variants exist based on the main scanning direction of the viewing instrument on-board. It is used by Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite R (GOES-R) series and Meteosat series of geostationary meteorological satellites. Projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.1 (ArcGIS 10.6) and later.
Geostationary satellite projection centered on 65° West.
This azimuthal projection uses the center of the earth as its perspective point. It projects great circles as straight lines, regardless of the aspect. The projection is not conformal nor is it equal-area. This is a useful projection for navigation because great circles highlight routes with the shortest distance. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and later.
The gnomonic azimuthal map projection centered on the North pole.
The Goode Homolosine is an equal-area pseudocylindrical projection for world maps, most commonly used in interrupted form. It is a combination of Mollweide (or homolographic) and sinusoidal projections, hence the name homolosine. The Mollweide projection is used north and south of the 40°44'12'' parallels. The sinusoidal projection is used between those two latitude values for the equatorial part of the world. Projection shows discontinuity in the graticule where both projections join. Projection was introduced by J. Paul Goode in 1923. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 9.2) and later.
The Goode Homolosine map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Hammer projection is a modification of the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection. It is equal-area and its graticule takes a form of an ellipse. The projection is also known as the Hammer–Aitoff projection. The Hammer projection is appropriate for small-scale mapping. It was developed by Ernst von Hammer in 1892 after being inspired by the Russian cartographer, David A. Aitoff. Equations for an ellipsoid were developed at Esri. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and later.
The Hammer equal-area map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Hotine projection, also known as oblique cylindrical orthomorphic or rectified skew orthomorphic , is one version of the oblique Mercator projection derivations. It is used for conformal mapping of areas that are obliquely oriented and do not follow a north–south or east–west trend. Projection’s formulas were presented by Martin Hotine in 1946. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Hotine oblique Mercator projection.
Plano Cartesiano by the Geographical Institute Agustín Codazzi is a projection used for urban maps in Colombia. It is appropriate for maps at very large scales. Projection parameter height can be used to locally minimize ground-to-grid differences. Projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 10.1.0) and later.
IGAC Plano Cartesiano projection centered on Bogota.
The Krovak projection, also known as S-JTSK, is an oblique case of the Lambert conformal conic projection. It is based on one standard parallel. An azimuth parameter tilts the apex of the cone from the North Pole. A standard parallel, called a pseudo standard parallel, defines the shape of the cone. A scale factor is applied to the parallel to create a secant case. Projection is used in Czechia and Slovakia and was designed by Josef Krovak in 1922. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.0) and later.
The Krovak oblique conic projection.
The Laborde projection is one version of the oblique Mercator projection derivations. It is used for conformal mapping of areas that are obliquely oriented and do not follow a north–south or east–west trend. Projection’s formulas were presented by Jean Laborde in 1926. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 10.0) and later.
The Laborde oblique Mercator projection.
The Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection maintains land features at their true relative sizes while simultaneously maintaining a true sense of direction from the center. The world is projected onto a flat surface from any point on the globe. Although all aspects are possible (equatorial, polar, and oblique), the one used most commonly is the polar aspect. Projection is best suited for individual land masses that are symmetrically proportioned, either round or square. It was developed by Johann H. Lambert in 1772 and it is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection centered on the South pole.
Lambert conformal conic map projection is normally based on two standard parallels, but it can also be defined with a single standard parallel and a scale factor. It is best suited for conformal mapping of land masses extending in an east-to-west orientation at mid-latitudes. Being hardly used before the First World War, the projection is often used for official topographic mapping around the world. The State Plane coordinate systems use it only for all zones that have a greater east–west extent. Both spherical and ellipsoidal forms of the projection were developed by Johann H. Lambert in 1772. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Lambert conformal conic projection with standard parallels on the northern (left map) and southern (right map) hemisphere.
The local projection is a specialized map projection that does not take into account the curvature of the earth. The coordinates of the center of the area of interest define the origin of the local coordinate system. The plane is tangent to the spheroid at that point, and the differences in z-values are negligible between corresponding points on the spheroid and the plane. This map projection is the same as the orthographic projection, but supported on ellipsoids and spheres, while the orthographic projection is supported on spheres only. Projection is designed for very large-scale mapping applications using local coordinate systems. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 9.0) and later.
The local map projection centered on Europe.
The loximuthal is a compromise pseudocylindrical projection. Loxodromes, or rhumb lines, are shown as straight lines with the correct azimuth and scale from the intersection of the central meridian and the central parallel. The projection was first presented by Karl Siemon in 1935. Waldo R. Tobler independently introduced the projection in 1966 and named it “loximuthal.” It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The loximuthal map projection centered on Greenwich.
McBryde-Thomas flat-polar quartic is an equal-area pseudocylindrical projection. It is the number 4 projection of the McBryde-Thomas series and received the most attention. F. Webster McBryde and Paul D. Thomas introduced it in 1949 for world statistical maps. The projection is based on the quartic authalic projection. Its boundary meridians quite excessively bulge outwards, producing considerable shape distortion near the map outline. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The McBryde-Thomas flat-polar quartic projection centered on Greenwich.
The Mercator projection is a conformal cylindrical map projection. It was originally created to display accurate compass bearings for sea travel. An additional feature of this projection is that all local shapes are accurate and correctly defined at infinitesimal scale. It was presented by Gerardus Mercator in 1569. The Web Mercator coordinate system , the de facto standard for web maps and online services, uses a sphere-based variant of the projection. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Mercator cylindrical map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Miller cylindrical projection is a compromise cylindrical map projection. The projection is a modification of the Mercator projection thus they are almost identical near the equator. Although Miller projection does not project poles to infinity, distortion is still severe at the poles. Projection was developed by Osborn M. Miller in 1942. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Miller cylindrical map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Mollweide projection is an equal-area pseudocylindrical map projection displaying the world in a form of an ellipse with axes in a 2:1 ratio. It is also known as Babinet, elliptical, homolographic, or homalographic projection. Projection is appropriate for thematic and other world maps requiring accurate areas. It was first introduced by Karl B. Mollweide in 1805 and it is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Mollweide map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Natural Earth projection is a compromise pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. Projection has rounded corners where lateral meridians meet the pole lines, which suggest that the Earth has a rounded shape. It was specifically designed for displaying physical data by Tom Patterson in 2007. Bojan Šavrič, Tom Patterson, and Bernhard Jenny published the math for the projection in 2011. Projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.
The Natural Earth map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Natural Earth II projection is a compromise pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. It is distinctive from the Natural Earth projection by the meridians, which bend steeply toward a short pole line giving the map a unique appearance among compromise small-scale projections. It was designed by Tom Patterson. Bojan Šavrič, Tom Patterson, and Bernhard Jenny published the math for the projection in 2015. Projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.
The Natural Earth II map projection centered on Greenwich.
The New Zealand map grid is a conformal map projection specifically designed for large-scale mapping of New Zealand. Projection method is using Cauchy-Riemann equation of complex arithmetic and is centered at 173° East and 41° South. It was designed by W. I. Reilly in 1973 and it is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.0) and later.
The New Zealand map grid projection.
Ney is a modified Lambert conformal conic projection. The projection slightly expands the parallels to create complete concentric circles centered at the pole, resulting in azimuthal polar map view. It is an appropriate projection to map areas near the pole. With two standard parallels, one defines which hemisphere (north or south) is projected in the center. Mathematics for the projection was introduced by C. H. Ney in 1949. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 10.0) and later.
Ney modified conic projection centered on the North pole.
The orthographic projection is an azimuthal perspective projection, projecting Earth’s surface from an infinite distance to a plane. It gives the illusion of a three-dimensional globe; therefore, the projection is often used as inset map or for pictorial views of the Earth from space. This map projection is the same as the local projection, but only supports spheres. It is believed that the projection was developed by Egyptians and Greeks. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and later.
The orthographic map projection centered on Caribbean.
The Patterson projection is a compromise cylindrical map projection. It exaggerates high-latitude areas less than the Miller and Compact Miller projections. Projection maps the world in a rectangle with a height-to-width ratio of approximately 0.57. It was designed by Tom Patterson in 2014. Later that year, he published the math for the projection together with Bojan Šavrič and Bernhard Jenny. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.
The Patterson cylindrical map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Peirce quincuncial map projection shows the world in a square. The projection is conformal except in the middle of the four sides of the square. It was developed by Charles S. Peirce in 1879. Equations for an ellipsoid of revolution were developed at Esri. In Peirce’s original design, the projection is centered at the North Pole which displays the equator as a square rotated relative to the projection edge. A nice property of this projection is that it can be tessellated or mosaicked. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.3 (ArcGIS 10.7) and later.
The Peirce quincuncial map projection shown in square (left map) and diamond (right map) orientation.
The perspective cylindrical projection is a cylindrical map projection, which can be constructed geometrically by projecting the globe onto a tangent (or secant) cylinder from the point on the equatorial plane opposite a given meridian. A special case of the projection is the central cylindrical or simple cylindrical projection, projecting the globe from its center. The projection was used in oblique aspect for political and physical maps of the Soviet Union. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.6 (ArcGIS 10.8.1) and later.
The central cylindrical, a special case of the perspective cylindrical projection.
The Plate Carrée map projection is equidistant cylindrical projection with the standard parallel located at the equator. A grid of parallels and meridians forms perfect squares from east to west and from pole to pole. It is one of the simplest and oldest map projections and therefore its usage was more common in the past. The radius is used as a conversion factor between angular and linear units. Another usage of this projection is to display spatial data stored in a geographic coordinate system, known as the pseudo-Plate Carrée projection. The projection was invented by Marinus of Tyre about A.D. 100. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Plate Carrée map projection centered on Greenwich.
The polyconic projection is also known as American polyconic or ordinary polyconic projection. The name translates into "many cones" and it is created by lining up an infinite number of cones along the central meridian. This affects the shape of the meridians. Unlike other conic projections, the meridians are curved rather than straight. Projection is neither conformal nor equal-area and it is appropriate for regions of predominant north-south extent. Projection was developed by Ferdinand R. Hassler in 1820. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The polyconic map projection centered on Greenwich.
The quartic authalic is a pseudocylindrical equal-area projection, created by modifying the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection. Boundary meridians quite excessively bulge outwards, producing considerable shape distortion near the map outline. The projection was independently presented by Karl Siemon in 1937 and Oscar S. Adams in 1945. Equations for an ellipsoid were developed at Esri. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The quartic authalic map projection centered on Greenwich.
The rectified skew orthomorphic , also known as the Hotine projection, is one version of the oblique Mercator projection derivations. It is used for conformal mapping of areas that are obliquely oriented and do not follow a north–south or east–west trend. The projection’s formulas were presented by Martin Hotine in 1946. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 9.0) and later.
The rectified skew orthomorphic map projection.
The Robinson projection is perhaps the most used compromise pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. National Geographic used the Robinson projection for their world maps for about a decade until 1998. Projection was designed by Arthur H. Robinson in 1963 at the request of the Rand McNally Company using graphic design rather than mathematical equation development. It was briefly called the orthophanic (“right appearing”) projection after its introduction. Projection is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Robinson map projection centered on Greenwich.
The sinusoidal projection is a pseudocylindrical equal-area projection displaying all parallels and the central meridian at true scale. Boundary meridians quite excessively bulge outwards, producing considerable shape distortion near the map outline. Alternative formats reduce the distortion along outer meridians by interrupting the continuity of the projection over the oceans and by centering the continents around their own central meridians, or vice versa. Projection is also known as Sanson–Flamsteed and Mercator–Sanson projection after the cartographers who used it. The projection was developed in the 16th century. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The sinusoidal map projection centered on Greenwich.
The stereographic is a planar perspective projection, viewed from the point on the globe opposite the point of tangency. It projects points on a spheroid directly to the plane and it is the only azimuthal conformal projection. The projection is more commonly used in polar aspects for topographic maps of polar regions. Most well-known are Universal Polar Stereographic (UPS) maps showing areas north of 84°N and south of 80°S that aren't included in the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate systems. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The stereographic map projection centered on the South pole.
The Times projection is a compromise pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps and a modified Gall stereographic projection with curved meridians. Projection was developed by John Moir in 1965 for Bartholomew Ltd., a British mapmaking company. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and later.
The Times projection centered on Greenwich.
The Tobler cylindrical I projection is a compromise cylindrical map projection. It was developed and introduced by Waldo Tobler in 1997 as his first simpler alternative to Miller cylindrical projection. As it is the case with Miller , distortion is severe at the poles. Projection is a bit smaller than Miller projection, but they are almost identical between 45° North and South. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.5 (ArcGIS 10.8) and later.
The Tobler cylindrical I projection centered on Greenwich.
The Tobler cylindrical II projection is a compromise cylindrical map projection. It was developed and introduced by Waldo Tobler in 1997 as his second simpler alternative to Miller cylindrical projection. As it is the case with Miller , distortion is severe at the poles. Projection is taller than Miller projection, but they are almost identical between 45° North and South. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 2.5 (ArcGIS 10.8) and later.
The Tobler cylindrical II projection centered on Greenwich.
The transverse cylindrical equal-area is a transverse aspect of the cylindrical equal-area projection. Projection is appropriate for maps with predominantly north to south extent along a specified meridian. It was presented by Johann H. Lambert in 1772. Equations for an ellipsoid of revolution were developed by John P. Snyder in 1985. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.3 (ArcGIS 10.4.1) and later.
The transverse cylindrical equal-area projection centered on Greenwich.
The transverse Mercator projection is also known as the Gauss–Krüger projection. It is similar to the Mercator , except that the cylinder touches the sphere or ellipsoid along a meridian instead of the equator. The result is a conformal projection that does not maintain true directions. The central meridian is placed in the center of the region of interest. This centering minimizes distortion of all properties in that region. This projection is best suited for north–south areas. The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) coordinate systems and Gauss–Krüger coordinate systems are based on the transverse Mercator projection while the State Plane coordinate systems use it for all north–south zones. Various countries use this projection for their topographic maps and large-scale coordinate systems. The spherical version of the projection was presented by Johann H. Lambert in 1772. First formulas with ellipsoidal correction were developed by Carl F. Gauss in 1822. The Gauss–Krüger name refers to the ellipsoidal form reevaluated by Louis Krüger in 1912. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The transverse Mercator projection centered on Greenwich.
The two-point equidistant projection is a modified azimuthal projection that preserves distances from two selected points on the map. If the two points are the same, the resulting projection is the azimuthal equidistant . Projection was first presented by Hans Maurer in 1919. Two year later, Charles F Close independently presented it in 1921. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The two-point equidistant projection centered on Redlands, US and Ljubljana, SI.
The Van der Grinten I projection is polyconic projection of the world in a circle. Projection gives similar look of continents as they are on the Mercator projection except that it portrays the world with a curved graticule. Both meridians and parallels are projected as circular arcs. National Geographic used the projection for their world maps between 1922 and 1988. Projection was invented by Alphons J. van der Grinten in 1898. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Van der Grinten I map projection centered on Greenwich.
The vertical near-side perspective is an azimuthal projection projecting Earth’s surface from a finite distance to a plane, unlike the orthographic projection which projects from an infinite distance. This map projection gives the overall effect of the view from a satellite. It was known by the Egyptians and Greeks and it is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and later.
The vertical near-side perspective projection centered on Greenwich and Equator.
The Wagner IV is an equal-area pseudocylindrical projection for world maps. Its meridians follow a portion of ellipses compared to the Eckert IV projection whose meridians are semiellipses. Projection was introduced by Karl Heinrich (Karlheinz) Wagner in 1932. It was independently developed by Reinholds V. Putniņš in 1934, therefore it is also known as Putniņš P’2 projection. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.
The Wagner IV map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Wagner V projection is a compromise pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. Projection was introduced by Karl Heinrich (Karlheinz) Wagner in 1949. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.
The Wagner V map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Wagner VII or Hammer-Wagner projection is a modification of the Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection. All parallels are convex toward the equator which gives projection a unique appearance and relatively low distortion characteristic compare to some equal-area pseudocylindrical projections. Projection was introduced by Karl Heinrich (Karlheinz) Wagner in 1941. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.2 (ArcGIS 10.4) and later.
The Wagner VII map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Winkel I is a compromise pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. It is an arithmetic mean of projected coordinates of sinusoidal and equidistant cylindrical projections and a general case of the Eckert V projection. Meridians are sinusoidal curves, producing undesirable bulging along the equator on the west and east edges of the map. Projection was introduced by Oswald Winkel in 1914. In his original design, Winkel used a standard parallel at 50°28ʹ. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Winkel I map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Winkel II is a compromise pseudocylindrical map projection for world maps. It is an arithmetic mean of the projected coordinates of Mollweide and equidistant cylindrical projections. Meridians are ellipsoidal curves, producing a nice rounded shape of the map. Projection was introduced by Oswald Winkel in 1918. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.0) and later.
The Winkel II map projection centered on Greenwich.
The Winkel Tripel is a compromise modified azimuthal projection for world maps. It is an arithmetic mean of projected coordinates of Aitoff and equidistant cylindrical projections. Projection is known to have one of the lowest mean scale and area distortion among compromise projections for small-scale mapping. It is used by the National Geographic Society since 1998 for general world maps. Projection was introduced by Oswald Winkel in 1921. In his original design, Winkel used a standard parallel at 50°28ʹ. Inverse equations were developed at Esri. It is available in ArcGIS Pro 1.0 (ArcGIS 8.1.1) and later.
The Winkel Tripel map projection centered on Greenwich.
Additional information about map projections and coordinate systems in ArcGIS is available in ArcGIS Desktop or ArcGIS Pro online documentation.