Indigenous languages across Canada
From those that have thousands of speakers to those with only a few, explore the languages of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.
From those that have thousands of speakers to those with only a few, explore the languages of Indigenous Peoples in Canada.
All cultures and societies, around the world and across time, are a result of people coming together to share ideas and stories. Languages carry perspectives that go beyond the meaning of individual words strung together and they play a vital role in our ability to communicate our thoughts and ideas. Whether it's an Elder passing down traditional knowledge to the youth in their community, an ancestor carving petroglyphs into stone to leave behind a story for future generations, or people working together to create a common writing system from various oral tongues, language reflects our values and beliefs and is therefore a way to express and preserve cultures.
Language: A language is a system of communication (written, oral, and/or gestures) that is used by people to express their thoughts and feelings. When a group of people share a system of communication, it can be said that they are speaking the same language.
Language family: As a language develops over time, variations in the language may become different enough to create completely new and unique languages. However, because these languages branched off from the same parent language, they are considered to be in the same language family.
Dialect: Dialects are like smaller branches within a language. When there are variations in words, grammar, or pronunciation in a language, these varieties are called dialects. If speakers of different dialects understand each other, then they are speaking the same language.
In Canada, there are 12 language families, and within those, there are about 70 distinct languages and even more regional dialects. According to Canada's latest national census (completed in 2016), more than 260,000 people reported being able to speak an Indigenous language well enough to hold a conversation.
The following map from Canadian Geographic shows the geographical distribution of Indigenous languages currently spoken in Canada. The size of the circles represents the general number of speakers.
Today, less than one per cent of people in Canada speak an Indigenous language. Harmful colonial practices and policies have played a significant role in the loss of Indigenous languages in Canada. For example, the residential school system was created with the intent to disrupt the transmission of cultural and traditional knowledge by removing Indigenous children from their families and taking them away from their communities. In the residential school system, children were not allowed to speak their own languages. These policies have had generational repercussions and many Indigenous people grew up not being able to speak their mother tongues.
Several Indigenous languages in Canada are endangered and others have been lost or are on the verge of extinction. However, language revitalization efforts are gaining momentum all across the country. It is important to note that the story of Indigenous language is Canada is one of resilience and perseverance. In fact, some Indigenous languages (such as Cree, Inuktitut, Ojibwe, and Dene) are still widely used in communities across the country and others are making a comeback.
There are more Indigenous people who are able to speak an Indigenous language than those who speak an Indigenous languages as their mother tongue (i.e., the first language learned at home in childhood). This means that people are learning Indigenous languages as second languages. There is a revitalization happening for Indigenous languages that goes beyond the home. The number of people who have a conversational grasp of an Indigenous language rose by 8 per cent from 1996 to 2016, according to Statistics Canada. Learning an Indigenous language as a second language can help grow the number of speakers and to ensure the survival of that language.
The survival of Indigenous languages is a global concern. There are about 6,700 languages spoken around the world, 4,000 of which are spoken by Indigenous Peoples. It is estimated that more than half of all languages could disappear by 2100 . There are worldwide efforts to fight the decline or loss of Indigenous languages. The United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples is a formal and comprehensive expression of the rights of Indigenous Peoples around the world. It talks about various individual and collective rights, cultural rights, rights to education and health, and many others. Several sections in the declaration talk about the importance of language.
Indigenous peoples have the right to revitalize, use, develop and transmit to future generations their histories, languages, oral traditions, philosophies, writing systems and literatures, and to designate and retain their own names for communities, places and persons.
— From Article 13 in the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples
In Canada, Indigenous leaders, advocates, and communities, as well as non-Indigenous allies and partners, have been calling on and working with the federal government to make Canadian society a more inclusive place that upholds the values described in UNDRIP.
This process is ongoing, but here is a short timeline of the steps that have been taken so far:
Languages are an important way to express individual and cultural identity, making the world a richer and more diverse place. The United Nations declared 2022-2032 the Decade of Indigenous Languages " to draw global attention on the critical situation of many indigenous languages" and as a way to encourage and promote Indigenous languages and language revitalization efforts.
Everyone has a part to play in helping to preserve and nurture the vibrant tapestry of Indigenous languages and cultures that make up Canada. Read through this StoryMap to learn about Indigenous languages in Canada and to pick up some new vocabulary!
This StoryMap looks at examples of languages spoken among First Nations, Inuit and Métis — one example for each group. However, the examples highlighted in this StoryMap are just a few among many and there are links to several other language resources to encourage further learning and exploration. We encourage you to reach out to Indigenous communities near you to learn from and with them about the languages spoken in your region. Language is an important way to share and pass on knowledge and a way of life, as well as to preserve cultures and traditions.
There are 10 language families across First Nations communities: Algonquian, Athabaskan, Siouan, Salish, Tsimshian, Wakashan, Iroquoian, Tlingit, Kutenai and Haida. In each of these language families there are multiple languages and dialects.
To get a sense of the great linguistic diversity of Indigenous languages in Canada, consider British Columbia. The map below shows the various Indigenous languages spoken in British Columbia. There are more than 30 Indigenous languages (and three times as many dialects) in British Columbia alone, which represents more than half of all Indigenous languages in Canada. However, many of these languages are endangered and at risk of dying out with the aging population of fluent speakers. Recent language revitalization movements bring great hope.
Explore the First Peoples' Map of B.C. further to learn about the language revitalization efforts happening across the province:
The story of Indigenous languages in First Nations communities in British Columbia is similar to the rest of Canada — the number of fluent speakers has gone down, but the number of learners is on the rise. And it's not only children learning and relearning languages but adult learners as well — there are those who are seeking to reconnect with their cultural heritage as well as new learners who want to help to preserve living languages. It is now more important than ever before to learn about and get involved in language revitalization efforts.
Indigenous languages are an integral part of Canada's shared history and culture. Revitalizing these languages is important for Indigenous people and all Canadians. Strong links to Indigenous language and culture are the foundations for personal identity and sense of belonging. They support healthy individuals and communities with improved health, economic and educational outcomes. Language has a vital role in the mental, physical and emotional health of Indigenous communities and supports increased academic and economic success.
— By Tracey Herbert, First Peoples’ Cultural Council, from Report on the status of B.C. First Nations Languages
First Nations people represent nearly 80 per cent all Indigenous-language speakers. Although British Columbia is home to many Indigenous languages, many of these languages have few speakers and the majority of Indigenous language speakers, at least among First Nations, are found in central and eastern Canada.
Explore Cree as an example to learn more about Indigenous languages in First Nations communities:
The land provided the people with all that was needed to exist. It contained a memory of activities that ensured life and survival. This is embedded with the names of the many landmarks. Manahcâ pânihk is “where the bows were harvested.” Manawânis was “where eggs were gathered.” Astahcikowin was “where food was cached.” Piponapiwin was “where the winter camp was established.” Âsokanihk was a name given to areas “where rivers were crossed.”
— From "Language" by Bruce Cutknife in the Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada
Let's learn a few words and phrases in Cree! Click through the slideshow below by using the arrow buttons. You can also take your learning further by clicking on one of the following links:
Use the following resources to learn more about some of the languages of different First Nations. This is just a sampling of resources — there are many more out there to explore!
In the 1920s, Knud Rasmussen, an Inuit-Danish ethnographer born in Greenland, travelled by dog team from Greenland, west across Canada to the north coast of Alaska. As he did so, he was able to collect a vast quantity of information that we as Inuit can now use to help us understand our history and our cultural traditions. During his epic voyage, Rasmussen was able to understand, without great difficulty, all of the dialects he encountered along the way...Inuit from Siberia to Greenland share a similar cultural history — at least up to the time of contact with the outside world.
— From "Inuktut writing systems" in the Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada
The Inuit language family is often described as a "dialect continuum," which is a group of dialects that vary over a geographical range, with speakers of neighbouring dialects being able to understand each other, but not those farther apart. In Canada, the Inuit language family, called Inuktut, is made up of several dialects that are used across Arctic communities from coast to coast to coast. There is often some confusion about the name Inuktut because most people are more familiar with Inuktitut, which is actually only one of the languages.
The map above shows the Inuit homeland, Inuit Nunangat. Inuktut languages can be loosely grouped according to the regions of Inuit Nunangat:
There are also numerous dialects and sub-dialects across Canada's North, which developed due to the isolation of many Arctic communities. Generally, the dialects vary in terms of pronunciation, but there are also vocabulary and grammatical differences that can sometimes makes it difficult for speakers from different regions to understand each other. There are about 42,000 people in Canada who can speak an Inuit language, with the majority living in Nunavut or Nunavik (northern Quebec).
Although the use of Inuktut languages has been in decline since the mid-20th century, communities are persevering in keeping their languages alive. The number of Inuit who speak an Inuktut language is higher than those who speak one as a mother tongue. This means that many Inuit, especially youth, are learning Inuktut languages as second languages.
Explore Inuktitut as an example to learn more about Inuktut languages in Inuit communities:
Let's learn a few words in Inuktitut! Click through the slideshow below by using the arrow buttons. You can also take your learning further by clicking on the following link:
Use the following resources to learn more about Inuktut languages.
Métis are people who self-identify as Métis, are distinct from other Indigenous Peoples, have an ancestral connection to the historic Métis community, and have acceptance by the modern Métis community. Although some Métis have historically spoken various First Nations languages, Michif is the Métis ancestral tongue. Michif draws primarily on Cree and French, but it also has roots in Ojibwa and other Indigenous languages, as well as borrowing from English. Michif is derived from several languages but is its own unique language connected to the emergence of the Métis as a people and culture.
The Métis National Council, the national organization that represents the Métis Nation in Canada, defines the Métis Homeland as stretching across Canada's Prairie provinces, as well as parts of Ontario, British Columbia, the Northwest Territories, and the northern United States. Across all of Canada, there are more than 580,000 people that identify as Métis.
Only about 1,100 people indicated that they speak Michif well enough to have a conversation — that is less than one per cent of the Métis population. Michif speakers live mainly in Saskatchewan and Manitoba. Less than two per cent of Métis people have a conversational grasp of an Indigenous language other than Michif.
These statistics are from the 2016 national census, and although they may not be fully encompass the Métis experiences in Canada, there is no denying that Michif is an endangered language.
Unfortunately, colonization has had a devastating impact on the Métis’ collective identity, particularly through the near eradication of Métis heritage languages.
— From "Languages" in the Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada (author not indicated)
Explore Michif to learn more about Indigenous languages in Métis communities:
All Métis heritage languages are endangered. Losing any of them would be tragic because that would mean losing a rich Oral Tradition, healing traditions, spiritual systems, communitarian values and harvesting strategies.
— From "Languages" in the Indigenous Peoples Atlas of Canada (author not indicated)
Let's learn a few words in Michif! Click through the slideshow below by using the arrow buttons. You can also take your learning further by clicking on the following link:
Use the following resources to learn more about the languages spoken by Métis and to start your own learning journey.
Imagine that the language you speak at home with your family — the language you use to talk about the people and things you love, the names of home-cooked traditional dishes, the stories told to you by your parents, words for plants or animals that you encounter in your backyard, or words entirely unique to your history and culture — imagine it disappears one day and you can't communicate or share these experiences with the people around you. Language is vital for cultural preservation and for a sense of community. That is why initiatives like the United Nations Decade of Indigenous Languages are so important — they raise awareness and bring people together to preserve the cultural tapestry of our society.
Why does the survival and revitalization of these languages matter? For one, multilingualism is at the heart of Canada’s identity, a fundamental feature of the foundational narrative of the nation. It is also a matter of decency and human rights. Who among us would want to be the last speaker of our native language, enveloped in silence, with no means or ability to pass on the wisdom of our ancestors or to anticipate the promise of our descendants?
— Wade Davis, "Why Indigenous languages matter" from Canadian Geographic
From small gestures of acknowledgment to larger acts of reconciliation, everyone can take part in helping to preserve, revive, and nurture Indigenous languages. Here are a few ideas:
Use the following resources to take your learning further about Indigenous languages in Canada.